关键词： 生物战剂   布洒器   致病微生物   细菌毒素   生物武器   生物战剂气溶胶  

摘要： 生物武器是一种特殊的大规模杀伤武器。它由生物战剂及其施放装置组成。战争中,用来杀伤人畜、毁坏农作物的致病微生物和细菌毒素叫生物战剂,装有生物战剂的各种炸弹、导弹弹头和气溶胶发生器、布洒器等称生物武器。

关键词： biological weapons   export controls   biological weapons convention  

摘要： This article considers the value of export controls in reducing the threat of biological weapons. It concludes that export control through export licensing is an essential element in the overall strategy to limit the spread of biological weapons. Modifications to existing export control systems can maximize the usefulness of export controls for limiting the threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Export controls are useful only within a broader strategy that includes both an arms control dimension and military defensive preparedness.

关键词： 伊拉克   核保障   特殊检查   事件   理事会   安理会   核武器   保障体系   经验教训   生物武器  

摘要： IAEA 和 NPT 体制在伊拉克碰到的问题对核不扩散来说并不是独一无二的。任何其他的军控或裁军条约,例如《化学武器公约》,《生物武器公约》

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关键词： 预测与控制   生物学技术   克隆人   生物武器   体细胞   信息技术   超级病毒   科学家   遗传工程   遗传多样性  

摘要： 生物学：难以预测与控制的力量王小东核子的巨大力量为人类所掌握是２０世纪的事情。在此之后，人类新掌握的巨大力量主要在两个方面，一个是信息技术，另一个就是生物学。在２０世纪的最后一个十年，这两方面的进展令人瞠目结舌，到２１世纪，在这两个领域将释放出什么样...

关键词： Biological Warfare   World Health   Communicable Diseases   Disease Outbreaks   Humans   International Cooperation   Violence  

摘要： Editorial. Argues that the best way to combat biological warfare is to rely on physicians to assess the readiness of local heath services, police, and firefighter first-responders, and to coordinate resources among a host of United States governmental agencies. The prerequisite of adhering to The Biological Weapons Convention; The problems of invoking humanitarian regulation of means of warfare.

关键词： 核武器   化学武器   生物武器   防护   公约  

关键词： Biological Warfare   Aflatoxins   Anthrax   Aspergillus   Bacillus   Botulinum Toxins   Clostridium   Fusarium   Humans   Iraq   Ricin   War  

摘要： Between 1985 and April 1991, Iraq developed anthrax, botulinum toxin, and aflatoxin for biological warfare;200 bombs and 25 ballistic missiles laden with biological agents were deployed by the time Operation Desert Storm occurred. Although cause for concern, if used during the Persian Gulf Vilar, Iraq's biological warfare arsenal probably would have been militarily ineffective for 3 reasons: (1) it was small;(2) payload dispersal mechanisms were inefficient;and (3) coalition forces dominated the theater of war (ie, they had overwhelming air superiority and had crippled Iraq's command and control capability). Despite the Gulf War defeat, the Iraqi biological warfare threat has not been extinguished. Saddam Hussein remains in power, and his desire to acquire weapons of mass destruction continues unabated. In this context, the international community must be firm in its enforcement of United Nations resolutions designed to deter Iraq from reacquiring biological warfare capability and must take steps to develop a multidisciplinary approach to limiting future development of weapons of mass destruction.

关键词： Biological Warfare   International Cooperation   Public Policy   United Nations   United States  

摘要：

To the Editor.  —Offical US government assessments indicate that from 1972 through 1975, when the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed and came into force, 4 countries in the world had biological weapons (BW) development programs. In the 1990s, that number is around 10 and includes China, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria, and Taiwan, with the status of the BW programs that existed in the past in Russia and South Africa ambiguous at present.^1-6 It is not clear exactly how many of these nations are currently producing or stockpiling BW agents, but apparently 2 or 3 (possibly China, Iran, and Iraq) may be.^1-6 Of particular significance is the fact that several of these 10 nations are signatories of the BWC, which prohibits both the development and production of BW.There was no serious international response to the use of chemical weapons by Iraq against

关键词： Biological Warfare   Internationality   Social Control   Formal   Forecasting   History   20th Century   Humans   International Cooperation   Policy Making   Social Change   World Health  

摘要： The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), which prohibits the acquisition of biological materials for hostile purposes and armed conflict, entered into force in 1975 and now has the participation of 140 nations (158 nations have signed the BWC, but only 140 of these have also ratified it). However, there is no monitoring mechanism associated with the BWC. Diplomatic efforts are now under way to create a supplemental, legally binding protocol to strengthen the convention. Measures to strengthen the BWC are analogous to the diagnostic processes familiar to physicians;the problem facing negotiators is to identify procedures with high positive and negative predictive value. Few proposed measures meet these criteria. However, the investigation of unusual disease outbreaks and allegations of use are highly diagnostic of illicit activities while avoiding false-positive accusations. At the same time, such information generated by the BWC can contribute to worldwide efforts to improve public health, control emergent disease, and establish an international norm against biological weapons proliferation.