关键词： 日本   731部队   研究成果   作战部队   生物武器   美国人   珍珠港   细菌战  

摘要： 前段时间．两名东京学者最新的研究成果令美国人想起来后怕：日本宣布投降后，从中国东北撤回国内的日本731部队队长石井四郎手书密令，要所属官兵用鼠疫等生物武器突袭即将大规模进驻日本列岛的美军作战部队．试图炮制“细菌战珍珠港”事件。

关键词： Biological Weapons Convention   convergence   dual-use   S&T   science and technology   Seventh Review Conference  

摘要： Developments in science and technology are potentially relevant to the scope of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), as well as to its operation and implementation. At the upcoming Seventh Review Conference in December this year, three basic trends are likely to play a part: the rapid pace of relevant advances in science and technology;the global diffusion of science and technology research and its applications;and the breadth of fields now engaged in the "life sciences." Continued engagement of the scientific community, the authors write, will be important for monitoring ongoing developments in science and technology and for contributing to assessments on the implications of these developments for the BWC. Sustained engagement will enable the Convention to anticipate and respond more effectively to the challenges and opportunities offered by the continuing advances in science and technology.

关键词： anthrax   biodefense   Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention   biological weapons   confidence-building measures   Seventh BWC Review Conference  

摘要： Central to the compliance structure of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) are the confidence-building measures-the means by which States Parties disclose information annually. Improving this process is one of the key agenda items garnering a great deal of interest among State Parties and non-governmental organizations leading up to the Seventh BWC Review Conference in December. This article considers the challenges of enforcing the measures and the current efforts to strengthen them. The author presents additional approaches to enhance these measures and to build greater confidence in national compliance with the BWC, arguing particularly that civil society involvement and periodic, collective reviews of submissions have essential roles to play.

关键词： biological weapons   Biological Weapons Convention   chemical weapons   review conference   Seventh Review Conference   verification  

摘要： The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was negotiated as a simple treaty but its fulfillment has not been so simple: The convention has no monitoring or verification agency, no governing council, and no permanent secretariat. Instead, in an effort to make the treaty more robust, a body of extended understandings, definitions, and procedures have gradually been agreed upon at its first six review conferences. The Seventh Review Conference, in December 2011, can take forward this evolutionary process by building on the best elements in the treaty regime. The author writes that the upcoming review conference needs to renew the mandate of its Implementation Support Unit;authorize BWC annual meetings to make decisions to be included in a comprehensive agenda;enable States Parties to report systematically on their compliance with BWC obligations through an accountability framework;organize collective assessment of BWC-relevant developments in science and technology;update states' annual reporting arrangements on information measures to increase transparency;and appoint a working group to consider whether confidence is best generated in the longer term by such measures or by new methods.

关键词： Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention   biological weapons   education   ethics   life scientists  

摘要： The central goal of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) is, in effect, to prevent the life sciences from becoming the death sciences. The international community is now debating what steps are necessary to achieve this goal. The author recounts recent efforts to engage and educate those associated with the life sciences about their potential destructive applications, and makes the case for the importance of addressing dual-use education as part of the 2011 BWC Review Conference. The BWC is a valuable forum for promoting national and international efforts, and attention to education could, in turn, help strengthen the treaty. Reaching consensus on future international cooperation and milestones for expanding educational efforts is both possible and necessary.

关键词： 设计师   战斗机   攻击   天才   军用卫星   生物武器   机器人   核反应堆   高端产品   动力  

摘要： 看着小军迷的设计稿,小编真是自叹不如!什么生物武器、军用卫星、变形机器人……创意真的很好,遗憾的是——没上颜色!亲爱的设计师们,武器的性能固然重要,可它们的外表也不能忽视哦!

关键词： 洗消剂   生物酶   安全管理   生物武器   恐怖组织   化生武器   恐怖袭击   杀伤性  

摘要： 当前，敌对势力和恐怖组织拥有和使用大规模杀伤性化学和生物武器可能性的增加，对很多国家的安全构成持续威胁。过去几年里，威胁使用化生武器次数的增加，对各国安全管理构成严重挑战。这些威胁迫使各国政府增加投入，以加强化生恐怖袭击紧急响应的洗消能力的投入。

关键词： Biodefence   Biological warfare   Bioterrorism  

摘要： Biological warfare is the intentional use of micro-organisms and toxins to produce disease and death in humans, livestock and crops, their attraction in war, and for use in terrorist attacks is attributed to various unique features. Biological weapons (BWs) can be disseminated by aerosol sprays, explosives or food and water contamination. Bws can strike suddenly without any warning and inflict considerable mortality and morbidity that can continue for a long period, such attacks may create high level of panic, environment contamination and extreme pressures on emergency health services. Bioterrorism is the use of bws in terrorism. Current concerns regarding the use of bws result from the increasing number of countries that are engaged in the proliferation of such weapons and their acquisition by terrorist organizations. The need of the hour is to develop biodefence by full international cooperation and to educate the likely target populations about precautions and protective measures to be taken in such attacks.

关键词： 禁止生物武器公约   建立信任与安全措施   国际生物军控   防扩散体系   建设生物和平   履约合作机制   情报科学研究  

摘要： 《禁止生物武器公约》建立信任措施,又称《禁止生物武器公约》建立信任与安全措施(Confidence and Security Building Measures,CSBM),它是联合国生物军控领域重要的履约机制。其主要目的是促进各缔约国之间建立信任、增信释疑,为促进生物和平活动领域的国际合作而努力。维护国际和平与安全是联合国建立信任措施履约事务的职责。它为实现联合国的宪章和宗旨,决不发展、生产、储存和获取非和平用途的生物剂或毒素做出贡献,为努力消除使用大规模毁灭杀伤性武器将战争危险将至最低限度做出贡献。 论文通过文献调研、专家咨询、综合分析等方法对国际生物军控历史的简要分析和对《公约》建立信任措施的进展分析,探讨了《公约》建立信任措施的未来发展方向和前景。建立信任措施是《禁止生物武器公约》核心的履约机制,但面临难以建立核查机制的困境。履约监控难度不断增加,伴随经济全球化、信息化、生物技术的普及程度提高,使防生物扩散变得更加困难。当前国际安全形势总体趋于稳定,但传统安全问题与非传统安全问题相互交织。地区热点此起彼伏、恐怖主义、粮食淡水安全、土地和能源资源安全、公共卫生安全、气候变化、自然灾害、跨国犯罪、毒品走私等全球性挑战突出。各国军事安全文化内涵更加深化,积极携手应对非传统安全威胁的压力不容忽视。 改进合作、实现安全、深化反恐、防灾减灾成为国际军控合作的时代理念。论文研究的创新点是明确了为维护联合国生物履约机制在现行国际安全体系中的作用,应协调好现行生物履约机制薄弱、生物安全挑战增多与地区和平稳定与发展的需求。提出了建设生物和平的思想,倡导了维护全球生物安全利益是巩固安全框架的枢纽。各国应提升地区履约活动的创新合作理念与质量水准,促进成果共享,加强经验交流和技术支援。分析了为实现防扩散目标,各国应营造互信共生的生物安全秩序,建设国际和地区安全环境,实现生物履约合作的安全发展、科学发展前景。提出了生物军控研究对于全球安全体系建设起到控制战争、履行人道主义、促进和平发展的重要作用。提出应通过生物的协调发展与绿色安全管理,加强生物圈经济安全合作与战略生存共识为经济社会发展和为人民生活创造安全有的利条件,反映了国际社会对于生物反恐、公共健康安全利益、生物经济安全等方面的共同需求。 论文结论是今天《公约》精神包含科学精神和人文精神的结合。《禁止生物武器公约》的整体目标和首要任务是造福于人类社会,使它有利于人与社会、人与自然的合理、和谐和持续发展;使它有利于世界的和平、稳定、进步。通过生物军控研究响应联合国摆脱大规模杀伤性武器危害的裁军进程,有效控制战争威胁和大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散。亟待未来建立起全方位、多层次、宽领域的信任安全合作机制。倡导在区域履约合作中增进造福于国际民生的合作,加强各国互利共生合作,解决生存大计,保护世界和平与人民健康安全,推动国际生物军控进程。

关键词： 苏联解体   生物武器  

摘要： 美国《外交政策》杂志说,苏联解体20年了,历史学家还有太多的问题要研究和探讨。可是大批有价值的文件至今未见天日。人们最想知道的苏联十大未解之谜是:1.苏联解体后,苏共数百亿美元的黄金和现钞到哪儿去了?据外