关键词： Biological Warfare   Military Medicine  

摘要： This article comments on the history of human use of biological agents in combat, and discusses the origin and development of the official US biological warfare program. It is based on the life experience of Dr. Robert Boyle. Addressed are the initial efforts for defense against germ warfare;development of offensive capabilities;how, why, and which biological agents were selected for use in the initial US offensive program;the munitions program;and the types of facilities required.

关键词： Archaea   Biological Warfare   Genetic Engineering   Genomics  

摘要： During the past decades, representatives of Archaea, Bacteria, and Protista have been found thriving in many newly discovered extremely hostile habitats, which hitherto were regarded as too harsh to harbor life. To illustrate how an extremophile could be targeted for development as a biowarfare agent, an example is presented describing current advances in engineering Deinococcus radiodurans. Using a generally applicable combination of conventional genetic engineering and genomic informatics, this extremely radiation-resistant and environmentally robust bacterium is being developed for biotechnology.

关键词： Biological Warfare  

摘要： [...]Mahley said, the inspections could threaten US security by forcing the USA to reveal secret information about its biodefence efforts and harm US pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies by revealing their business secrets.[...]the USA feared that the agreement could be used to challenge current arrangements between the USA and its allies to restrict the sale of sensitive technology to countries considered to be untrustworthy.[...]after extensive analysis, we were forced to conclude that the mechanisms envisioned for the protocol would not achieve their objectives, that no modification of them would allow them to achieve their objectives, and that trying to do more would simply raise the risk to legitimate United States activities”, Mahley told the delegates.

关键词： INTERNATIONAL cooperation on biological arms control   WORLD politics -- 1995-2005   INTERNATIONAL cooperation   FOREIGN relations of the United States  

摘要： States that the United States rejected a document to modify the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972. Details of the document drafted by Tibor Toth, a Hungarian diplomat and chairman of the committee that drew up the protocol for the biological weapons control treaty; Objections of the U.S. to aspects of the draft protocol, according to Donald Mahley, chief negotiator for the U.S.; Skepticism about the U.S. stance on the issue.

关键词： 国际条约   《京都议定书》   《反导条约》   生物武器   反弹道   《联合国气候变化框架公约》   议定书草案   布什政府   温室气体排放   导弹系统  

摘要： 最近布什政府宣称拒绝接受《生物武器公约》,这是继《反导条约》和《京都议定书》之后美国对国际条约采取的又一重大行动。表明布什政府执意不顾整个世界的强烈不满和反对,把美国亲手签署的有利于世界稳定和促进全球环保的协议当作儿戏,其翻手不认账的无赖手法,其损人利己的大国本质,又一次赤裸裸地暴露在世人面前。

关键词： 美国   陆军   科技计划   联合生物远程预警系统   生物武器   核武器   防护   生物战  

关键词： 美国   CBPS   2000型化生防护掩蔽部   化学武器   生物武器   防护系统   洗消作业  

关键词： 生物战   生物战剂   基因武器   生物武器  

关键词： 美国   生物武器公约   生物武器议定书  

关键词： Agriculture*   Animals   Aphthovirus   Biological Warfare*   Economics*   Humans   International Cooperation*   Socioeconomic Factors   United Nations  

摘要： The addition of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus to the list ofpotential biological weapons agents in the draft of the Protocol to the Biological and Toxin WeaponsConvention (1) highlights changing perceptions of what is a biological weapon. Human pathogens suchas Bacillus anthracis or Clostridium botulinum have long been the focus in biological weaponsdefense programs because of their imminent threats to our health. However, 2 years ago Iraq providedan example that comprehensive offensive biological weapons programs also consist of socioeconomicbiological weapons like wheat cover smut and camel pox virus (2). This violation of theinternational ban on biological and toxin weapons by Iraq was brought to the attention of theinternational community by the United Nations Special Commission (UN-SCOM) through its inspectionand verification activities. UNSCOM was established after the Gulf War in 1991 and entrusted by theUnited Nations Security Council to take possession and supervise the destruction of all weapons ofmass destruction in Iraq. The mandate of UNSCOM was terminated in 1999.