关键词： Landscape planning   European landscape convention   Rural landscape   Multicriteria analysis   GIS analysis   Decision support system   Tuscany  

摘要： There is a growing interest on landscape and landscape policy and planning, especially since the adoption of the European Landscape Convention in 2000. This latter defines landscape as "an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors". In the case of rural landscape, this means that an appropriate governance model should not only involve local stakeholders in a participative approach, but also take into account natural characteristics, cultural aspects of the past and present, and socio-economic aspects, since agriculture is the main driver of change for rural landscapes. Farm strategies are influenced by internal and by external factors, these latter being related to market conditions and to constraints and opportunities given by policies. Market globalization and Agricultural policies are consequently having a strong impact on landscape, that public institutions try to neutralise setting rules about landscape conservation. Thus, due to its specific features, landscape is impacted both by several sectorial and territorial policies which have none or very low coordination among them. Indeed, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has often shown a negative influence on landscape, also in the case of Agri-Environmental Schemes (AES) intended to promote landscape. In this framework, the aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive model for the governance of rural landscape and a first simplified application to a cultural landscape. This model is based on the integration of a geographical multi-criteria analysis, an advanced GIS-based geo-processing tools, and participatory techniques aiming to understand and foresee local stakeholders' behaviours through focus-groups and dedicated interviews. The identification of future landscape scenarios is based on the integration of past evolution (historical analysis), landscape sensitivity (territorial analysis) and farmers' adaptation to market and poli

关键词： Germ-free   mucosal   barrier function   microbiota  

摘要： Intestinal microbiota is required to maintain immune homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. At the same time, intraluminal bacteria are considered to be involved in inflammatory bowel disease and are required for colitis induction in animal models, with the possible exception of dextran sulphate sodium [DSS] colitis. This study was carried out to ascertain the mechanism underlying the induction of colitis by DSS in the absence of bacteria. Conventional and germ-free [GF] Naval Medical Research Institute [NMRI] mice were used, plus conventional mice treated with an antibiotic cocktail to deplete the intestinal microbiota ['pseudo-GF' or PGF mice]. The differential response to DSS was assessed. Conventional mice developed DSS-induced colitis normally, whereas GF mice showed only minimal inflammation [no colonic thickening, lower myeloperoxidase activity, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma secretion by splenocytes and mesenteric cell cultures, etc.]. However, these mice suffered enhanced haemorrhage, epithelial injury and mortality as a consequence of a weakened intestinal barrier, as shown by lower occludin, claudin 4, TFF3, MUC3, and IL-22. In contrast, PGF mice had a relatively normal, albeit attenuated, inflammatory response, but were less prone to haemorrhage and epithelial injury than GF mice. This was correlated with an increased expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 and preservation barrier-related markers. We conclude that enteric bacteria are essential for the development of normal DSS-induced colitis. The absence of microbiota reduces DSS colonic inflammation dramatically but it also impairs barrier function, whereas subtotal microbiota depletion has intermediate effects at both levels.

关键词： Alternatives aggregation Petri nets   compound Petri nets   parametric Petri nets   decision support systems   simulation   optimization  

摘要： Decision-making in technological systems, such as communication networks, manufacturing facilities and supply chains, constitutes a common requirement able to lead companies galore to success or failure. This article presents a decision-making methodology, where the feasible structural configurations to be analysed are chosen heuristically in the frame of a single optimization problem. For stating the optimization problem and solving it efficiently, appropriate formalisms would be used. Compound Petri nets, a particular kind of parametric Petri nets, and alternatives aggregation Petri nets, are two Petri net-based formalisms able to integrate in the same model different alternative structural configurations. Moreover, even having different characteristics that might make them useful for different applications, both formalisms present common features, such as including a set of exclusive entities and the possibility of developing compact Petri net models, by the removal of redundant information. This article is also focused on the transformation algorithm between compound Petri nets and alternatives aggregation Petri nets. This algorithm is devoted to transform a model described by one of the formalisms into an equivalent model, that is, with the same behaviour, represented using the other formalism. Finally, several application examples are given for illustrating the steps of the transformation algorithm.

关键词： Apoptosis   deoxyschizandrin   inflammation   inflammatory bowel disease   ulcerative colitis  

摘要： Background/Aims: Deoxyschizandrin as one of the most important component of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill plays an immunomodulatory role in a variety of diseases, yet its role in ulcerative colitis remains to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the role of deoxyschizandrin in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Patients and Methods: In the present study, an inflammation model of cells was constructed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of deoxyschizandrin. Then a mouse model with Dextran sulfate sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis was constructed, and the effects of deoxyschizandrin on mouse colon inflammation, apoptosis, and CD4 T lymphocyte infiltration in ulcerative colitis were examined. Result: Deoxyschizandrin could improve the symptoms of ulcerative colitis, determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scores. Moreover, deoxyschizandrin reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, suppressed CD4 T cell infiltration, and effectively inhibited apoptosis in the colon of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mice. Conclusion: In summary, deoxyschizandrin can effectively rescue the symptoms of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation. T cell infiltration and apoptosis in the colon, suggesting that deoxyschizandrin could be a potential drug in treating ulcerative colitis.

关键词： 决策支持   进销存系统   数据仓库   OLAP  

摘要： 该文在指出了进销存管理系统中传统数据库的不足,将数据仓库技术引入,叙述了应用于决策支持系统中的数据仓库模型和多维分析OLAP工具,以物流贸易企业的进销存管理业务为设计背景,介绍了数据仓库技术在开发电子元器件进销存管理系统中的应用。

摘要： Functionally compromised neutrophils contribute to adverse clinical outcomes in patients with severe inflammation and injury such as colitis and sepsis. However, the ontogeny of dysfunctional neutrophil during septic colitis remain poorly understood. We report that the dysfunctional neutrophil may be derived by the suppression of Toll-interacting-protein (Tollip). We observed that Tollip deficient neutrophils had compromised migratory capacity toward bacterial product fMLF due to reduced activity of AKT and reduction of FPR2, reduced potential to generate bacterial-killing neutrophil extra-cellular trap (NET), and compromised bacterial killing activity. On the other hand, Tollip deficient neutrophils had elevated levels of CCR5, responsible for their homing to sterile inflamed tissues. The inflamed and incompetent neutrophil phenotype was also observed in vivo in Tollip deficient mice subjected to DSS-induced colitis. We observed that TUDCA, a compound capable of restoring Tollip cellular function, can potently alleviate the severity of DSS-induced colitis. In humans, we observed significantly reduced Tollip levels in peripheral blood collected from human colitis patients as compared to blood samples from healthy donors. Collectively, our data reveal a novel mechanism in Tollip alteration that underlies the inflamed and incompetent polarization of neutrophils leading to severe outcomes of colitis.

关键词： 社会舆情分析   政府决策支持   理论研究   现状分析   发展趋势  

摘要： 面对大数据环境下信息技术革新的浪潮,政府在转型时代的社会管理充满挑战。社会现实与公众认知的断裂、社会舆情反响、政府应对舆情冲突等状况都为政府管理与决策带来了种种复杂性。本文结合大数据时代背景,采用比较、归纳、概括、综合与演绎等方法,总结国内外大数据环境下社会舆情分析的创新与发展研究、社会舆情与政府决策支持的理论及应用研究的现状,评述研究观点与发展趋势。通过对文献的梳理,发现目前国内外大数据环境下社会舆情分析方面的研究以及社会舆情分析对政府决策支持方面的研究,仍然比较匮乏且尚未系统化。所以,加强这些领域的探索也是今后研究的重点和难点。

关键词： 决策支持   系统开发   风险评估   行蓄洪区  

摘要： 针对行蓄洪区运用决策存在的问题,通过选取淮河干流的蒙洼蓄洪区作为"基于风险可控行蓄洪区运用决策支持系统"的典型应用案例区,基于GIS软件和平台,将多种模型与行蓄洪区内的多源数据集成为一个相互联系的有机整体,解决行蓄洪损失难以快速评估,行蓄洪区风险无法快速有效预警、控制和管理,科学的应急管理体系尚未建立等难题,为行蓄洪区规划管理(包括洪水资源化利用)提供决策支持工具。

关键词： 临床决策支持系统   专家系统   人工智能   修复  

摘要： 临床决策支持系统是一种辅助医护人员进行医疗决策的计算机软件系统。它是人工智能在医疗领域的主要实践。该系统通过结合临床检查与临床知识,辅助临床决策,进而改善临床诊疗结果。近年来,该系统得到了较多的研究。该文将介绍临床决策支持系统的研究现状,详述已有的技术和方法,并总结该系统在口腔修复领域的应用。

关键词： CANCER radiotherapy research   DECISION support systems -- Medical applications   RADIOTHERAPY treatment planning   CANCER patients   OUTCOME assessment (Medical care)  

摘要： 185