关键词： Research fields   Evolution of science   Dynamics of science   Convergence in science   Applied sciences   Basic sciences   Human microbiome   Evolutionary robotics   Astrobiology   Exobiology   A19   C00   I23   L30  

摘要： How do research fields evolve? This study confronts this question here by developing an inductive analysis based on emerging research fields of human microbiome, evolutionary robotics and astrobiology (also called exobiology). Data analysis considers papers associated with subject areas of authors from starting years to 2017 per each research field under study. Findings suggest some empirical properties of the evolution of research fields: the first property states that the evolution of a research field is driven by few disciplines (3-5) that generate more than 80% of documents (concentration of scientific production);the second property states that the evolution of research fields is path-dependent of critical disciplines: they can be parent disciplines that have originated the research field or new disciplines emerged during the evolution of science;the third property states that the evolution of research fields can be also due to a new discipline originated from a process of specialization within applied or basic sciences and/or convergence between disciplines. Finally, the fourth property states that the evolution of specific research fields can be due to both applied and basic sciences. These results here can explain and generalize some characteristics of the evolution ofscientific fields in the dynamics of science. Overall, then, this study begins the process of clarifying and generalizing, as far as possible, the generalproperties of the evolution of research fields to lay a foundation for the development of sophisticated theories of the evolution of science.

关键词： Peptides and proteins   Chemical structure   Conformation   Energy   Potential energy  

摘要： Small cyclic peptides represent a promising class of therapeutic molecules with unique chemical properties. However, the poor knowledge of their structural characteristics makes their computational design and structure prediction a real challenge. In order to better describe their conformational space, we developed a method, named EGSCyP, for the exhaustive exploration of the energy landscape of small head-to-tail cyclic peptides. The method can be summarized by (i) a global exploration of the conformational space based on a mechanistic representation of the peptide and the use of robotics-based algorithms to deal with the closure constraint and (ii) an all-atom refinement of the obtained conformations. EGSCyP can handle D-form residues and N-methylations. Two strategies for the side-chains placement were implemented and compared. To validate our approach, we applied it to a set of three variants of cyclic RGDFV pentapeptides, including the drug candidate Cilengitide. A comparative analysis was made with respect to replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations in implicit solvent. Its results show that the EGSCyP method provides a very complete characterization of the conformational space of small cyclic pentapeptides.

关键词： Cable-driven parallel robots   Explicit dynamics   Elastic cables   Redundancy   Variable mass modeling  

摘要： Precise model-based control of parallel robots necessitates an analytically accurate and consolidated model of the robotic platform. Lack of accuracy in modeling causes lots of dynamic uncertainties. This fact can result in higher control gains and efforts. Furthermore, imposing modification for optimization purposes is implausible without the derivation of an exact model. Hence, in this paper an elaborative kinematical and dynamical model of redundant cable-driven parallel robots is studied. In fact, a general procedure for modeling of cable-actuated parallel robots is presented to tackle down the difficulties for model-based control. The presented dynamic modeling approach rigorously enumerates the kinematics of robot winches and pulleys. The intrinsic behavior of cables is represented with a linear spring and damper having variable mass and constant density in the workspace. To this end, sagging in cables is neglected as a computationally intractable effect with insignificant impact on robot's dynamics. Next, model validation is carried out within an experimental study of a redundant cable-driven parallel robot, the RoboCab which is designed and manufactured in Advanced Robotics and Automated Systems (ARAS) Lab. Experimental results reveal the merits and capabilities of proposed model to capture the explicit dynamics of robot. Results also demonstrate the high rate of flexibility and applicability of model for dealing with diverse control applications.

关键词： Grasping   manipulators   motion planning   object recognition   robot control  

摘要： This paper describes Team Delft's robot winning the Amazon Robotics Challenge 2016. The competition involves automating pick and place operations in semistructured environments, specifically the shelves in an Amazon warehouse. Team Delft's entry demonstrated that the current robot technology can already address most of the challenges in product handling: object recognition, grasping, motion, or task planning;under broad yet bounded conditions. The system combines an industrial robot arm, 3-D cameras and a custom gripper. The robot's software is based on the robot operating system to implement solutions based on deep learning and other state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques, and to integrate them with off-the-shelf components. From the experience developing the robotic system, it was concluded that: 1) the specific task conditions should guide the selection of the solution for each capability required;2) understanding the characteristics of the individual solutions and the assumptions they embed is critical to integrate a performing system from them;and 3) this characterization can be based on "levels of robot automation." This paper proposes automation levels based on the usage of information at design or runtime to drive the robot's behavior, and uses them to discuss Team Delft's design solution and the lessons learned from this robot development experience.

摘要： The article presents the author's views on the need for the British manufacturing industry to adopt digital technologies as of October 17, 2018 and to reassure the workforce that they will not entirely replaced by machines.

关键词： Drone   unmanned aerial vehicle   navigation   guidance   control  

摘要： Drones have achieved great success in research and development and in many industrial fields in the last five years, and there are enormous expectations for their further utilization. It was predicted that the market size of drone technologies will rapidly expand in the near future and is expected to reach $12 billion by 2021. In such circumstances, drones have become one of the main research topics in the robotics field, and the number of studies has increased. However, there is little research in the literature that has classified the many studies related to drones and introduced research trends. This paper aims to properly classify drone studies in the robotics field and to summarize the research trends for each classification.

关键词： 机器人学   欧洲   创新   科学技术   研究成果   全球范围   副主席   负责人  

摘要： 随着科学技术的飞速发展,在机器人领域涌现出许多显著的研究成果,机器人学的发展在全球范围内呈现出不尽相同的趋势,在2018世界机器人大会上,欧洲机器人协会副主席、库卡机器人有限公司德国总部研发负责人Rainer Bischoff,介绍了机器人学在欧洲的发展与未来创新。

关键词： 水下机器人   Explicit   Dynamics   碰撞   数值模拟  

摘要： 为了检验水下机器人的碰撞性能,本文利用了Ansys/Workbench中的Explicit Dynamics模块对一种无人有缆水下机器人的碰撞过程进行数值模拟,并分析了该结构的碰撞性能。为水下机器人结构强度的分析提供了支持。

关键词： 水下机器人   夺冠   哈尔滨工程大学   机器人竞赛   国产   奥运会   第一人   许海峰  

摘要： 北京时间2018年8月6日．历时7天的第21崩RoboSub国际水下机器人竞赛在美国圣迭戈落幕．由哈尔滨工程大学刘文智教授指导的学生团队赢得本届冠军。如果说将国际水下机器人竞赛比作全球水下机器人的“奥运会”，那么这次哈尔滨工程大学的夺冠无异于1984年许海峰（“中国奥运金牌第一人”）夺冠，实现了相关领域“零的突破”。这则消息让人备感振奋。

关键词： 长沙市开福区   机器人竞赛   中国区   青少年   智能   国际   小学   奥林匹克  

摘要： 本刊讯2018年8月3日,2018年国际奥林匹克青少年智能机器人竞赛中国赛区选拔赛在山西运城举行。长沙市开福区四方坪小学在近千支参赛队中脱颖而出,6位参赛选手全部获奖,共斩获金牌、银牌、铜牌各两块。