关键词： Motion planning  

摘要： This paper presents a technical overview of Team DRC-Hubo@UNLV's approach to the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals (DRC-Finals). The Finals required a robotic platform that was robust and reliable in both hardware and software to complete tasks in 60 min under degraded communication. With this point of view, Team DRC-Hubo@UNLV integrated methods and algorithms previously verified, validated, and widely used in the robotics community. For the communication aspect, a common shared memory approach that the team adopted to enable efficient data communication under the DARPA controlled network is described. A new perception head design (optimized for the tasks of the Finals) and its data processing are then presented. In the motion planning and control aspect, various techniques, such as wheel-driven navigation, zero-moment-point (ZMP) -based locomotion, and position-based manipulation and controls, are described in this paper. By introducing strategically critical elements and key lessons learned from DRC-Trials 2013 and the testbed of Charleston, we also illustrate how DRC-Hubo has evolved successfully toward the DRC-Finals. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： Kinetostatic safety field   Safety assessment   Motion control   Physical human-robot interaction   Redundant robots  

摘要： Safety during interaction with unstructured and dynamic environments is now a well established requirement for complex robotic systems. A wide variety of approaches focus on the introduction of safety evaluation methods in order to shape a consequent safety-oriented control strategy, able to reactively prevent collisions between the robot and potential obstacles, including a human being. This paper presents a new safety assessment, named kinetostatic safety field, that captures the risk in the vicinity of an arbitrary rigid body "source of danger" (e.g. an obstacle, a human body part or a robot link) moving in R3. The safety field depends on the position and velocity of the body but it is also influenced by its real shape and size, ekploiting its triangular mesh. The introduction of a body-fixed reference frame in the definition of the field provides closed form computability and an effective computation time reduction, that allows for real-time applications. In particular, intensive computations, connected to the specific body geometry, can be performed only once and off-line, ensuring a fast and constant on-line computation time, independently Of the number of mesh elements. Furthermore, we combine the safety field concept with a safety-oriented reactive control strategy for redundant manipulators. Our approach allows to enhance safety in several real-time collision avoidance scenarios, including collision avoidance with potential obstacles, self-collision avoidance and safe human robot coexistence. The proposed control strategy is validated through experiments performed on an ABB FRIDA dual arm robot.

关键词： Interaction control   Model based control   Compliant robot base compensation   Impedance control   Industrial robotics  

摘要： Light-weight manipulators are used in industrial tasks mounted on mobile platforms to improve flexibility. However, such mountings introduce compliance affecting the tasks. This work deals with such scenarios by designing a controller that also takes into account compliant environments. The controller allows the tracking of a target force using the estimation of the environment stiffness (EKF) and the estimation of the base position (KF), compensating the robot base deformation. The closed-loop stability has been analyzed. Observers and the control law have been validated in experiments. An assembly task is considered with a standard industrial non-actuated mobile platform. Control laws with and without base compensation are compared.

关键词： Robotic cystectomy   Intracorporeal   Extracorporeal   Bladder cancer   Enhanced recovery  

摘要： Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has been adopted widely in many centres, owed largely to the success of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). It aims to replicate the oncological outcomes of open radical cystectomy (ORC), while providing a shorter recovery period. Despite this, previous RCTs have failed to show a benefit for RARC over ORC. These trials have compared extracorporeal RARC (eRARC) with ORC, which requires a further incision to mobilise the bowel for urinary reconstruction with an open technique. For intracorporeal RARC (iRARC), this urinary reconstruction is performed robotically without further incisions. There are theoretical benefits to this approach such as reduced recovery time for the bowel and reduced ileus rates, but no level 1 evidence currently exists to support this. While there has been an improvement in patient outcomes since the adoption of RARC, various other factors, such as enhanced recovery programmes and surgical learning curve, have made it difficult to attribute this solely to the robotic approach as many centres performing ORC have also shown similar improvements. In this review, we will discuss implementation of RARC as well as perioperative measures that have helped improve outcomes, offer a comparison of outcomes between ORC and RARC and highlight upcoming RCTs that may offer new evidence for or against a paradigm shift in the future of bladder cancer surgery.

关键词： Swarm robotics   Evolutionary algorithms   Nonlinear optimization  

摘要： In this paper, a novel heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve continuous non-linear optimization problems. The presented algorithm is a collective global search inspired by the swarm artificial intelligent of coordinated robots. Cooperative recognition and sensing by a swarm of mobile robots have been fundamental inspirations for development of Swarm Robotics Search & Rescue (SRSR). Swarm robotics is an approach with the aim of coordinating multi-robot systems which consist of numbers of mostly uniform simple physical robots. The ultimate aim is to emerge an eligible cooperative behavior either from interactions of autonomous robots with the environment or their mutual interactions between each other. In this algorithm, robots which represent initial solutions in SRSR terminology have a sense of environment to detect victim in a search & rescue mission at a disaster site. In fact, victims location refers to global best solution in SRSR algorithm. The individual with the highest rank in the swarm is called master and remaining robots will play role of slaves. However, this leadership and master position can be transitioned from one robot to another one during mission. Having the supervision of master robot accompanied with abilities of slave robots for sensing the environment, this collaborative search assists the swarm to rapidly find the location of victim and subsequently a successful mission. In order to validate effectiveness and optimality of proposed algorithm, it has been applied on several standard benchmark functions and a practical electric power system problem in several real size cases. Finally, simulation results have been compared with those of some well-known algorithms. Comparison of results demonstrates superiority of presented algorithm in terms of quality solutions and convergence speed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： ROBOTICS   ROBUST control   MATHEMATICAL formulas   FLUID dynamics   TECHNOLOGICAL innovations  

关键词： 智能机器人   制作   普及读物   智能机器人   程序设计   普及读物   智能机器人   竞赛   普及读物  

ISBN: (纸本)9787121320514

摘要： 本书以教娱机器人的制作应用和竞赛机器人的制作竞赛为目标，结合硬件模块和软件编程，循序渐进地讲解每个模块所需专业知识和技术，然后将这些知识和技术应用到产品制作和开发中。本书第1章介绍了Arduino的基础知识，以方便一些基础比较薄弱的读者跳过入门教程直接学习中级教程。接着介绍循线音乐机器人的制作，重点讲解如何将一首曲子转换成电子音乐数据，然后如何制作播放器，并将播放器与循线程序结合，让机器人达到边循线边播放音乐的效果，而且做到完美集成。第3章介绍超声避障机器人的制作，重点是超声波传感器的距离测量和Arduino脉冲时间测量函数的应用，并讲解智能电子产品设计中要注意的容错问题，然后完成一个超声避障漫游机器人的制作。第4章讲解超声跟随机器人的设计和制作，重点引入P控制器的算法和编程，讲解闭环控制的概念和编程实现方法，最后制作出一个反应灵敏的跟随机器人。第5章介绍红外遥控机器人的制作，重点讲解红外遥控编码和解码，了解红外编码协议和解码程序的编写方法，最后制作出一个红外遥控机器人。第6章将前5章的功能集成，制作出一个由红外遥控器控制的具备四种工作模式的教娱机器人产品，重点讲解如何利用Arduino的中断功能将各个功能模块完美集成到一起，同时结合产品开发过程，按照构思、设计、实现和操作四个步骤来讲解具体产品的开发流程。第7章结合红外测距传感器的应用，讲解AD接口模拟量和数字量的概念和模数转换技术，并将其应用到红外测距传感器，制作红外云台漫游机器人。第8、9和10章结合中国教育机器人大赛项目，在原有教娱机器人基础上进行改造和拓展，制作智能搬运、擂台和灭火机器人。重点介绍竞赛规则，竞赛策略的编程和完整竞赛程序的设计和实现。

关键词： Anthropomorphic robots  

摘要： The Electric Series Compliant Humanoid for Emergency Response (ESCHER) platform represents the culmination of four years of development at Virginia Tech to produce a full-sized force-controlled humanoid robot capable of operating in unstructured environments. ESCHER's locomotion capability was demonstrated at the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) Finals when it successfully navigated the 61 m loose dirt course. Team VALOR, a Track A team, developed ESCHER leveraging and improving upon bipedal humanoid technologies implemented in previous research efforts, specifically for traversing uneven terrain and sustained untethered operation. This paper presents the hardware platform, software, and control systems developed to field ESCHER at the DRC Finals. ESCHER's unique features include custom linear series elastic actuators in both single and dual actuator configurations and a whole-body control framework supporting compliant locomotion across variable and shifting terrain. A high-level software system designed using the robot operating system integrated various open-source packages and interfaced with the existing whole-body motion controller. The paper discusses a detailed analysis of challenges encountered during the competition, along with lessons learned that are critical for transitioning research contributions to a fielded robot. Empirical data collected before, during, and after the DRC Finals validate ESCHER's performance in fielded environments. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： Logistics systems   Multi-AGV systems   Cloud robotics   Data fusion   Path-planning  

摘要： In this paper we introduce a novel cloud robotics architecture that provides different functionalities to support enhanced coordination of groups of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) used for industrial logistics. In particular, we define a cooperative data fusion system that, gathering data from different sensing sources, provides a constantly updated global live view of the industrial environment, for coordinating the motion of the AGVs in an optimized manner. In fact, local sensing capabilities are complemented with global information, thus extending the field of view of each AGV. This knowledge extension allows to support a cooperative and flexible global route assignment and local path planning in order to avoid congestion zones, obstacles reported in the global live view map and deal with unexpected obstacles in. the current path. The proposed methodology is validated in a real industrial environment, allowing an AGV to safely perform an obstacle avoidance procedure. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.