关键词： Robotics   Bladder augmentation   Neurogenic bladder   Continent   Mitrofanoff   Minimally-invasive  

摘要： There is growing interest in applying robotic-assisted laparoscopic techniques to complex reconstructive pelvic surgery owing to inherent benefits of precision, tissue handling, and articulating instruments for suturing. This review examines preliminary experiences with robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (RALIMA) as either an isolated or combined procedure. These series suggest RALIMA is feasible, with the benefit of early recovery and improved cosmetic results in selected patients. The robotic approach incurs functional outcomes and complication rates similar to those of open techniques. Given the steep learning curve, only surgeons with extensive robotic experience are currently adopting this technique.

关键词： Artificial intelligence   Robotics   Philosophy   Ethics   Humanitarian   Human rights  

摘要： The enduring progression of artificial intelligence and cybernetics offers an ever-closer possibility of rational and sentient robots. The ethics and morals deriving from this technological prospect have been considered in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the design of automatons with roboethics and the contemplation of machine ethics through the concept of artificial moral agents. Across these categories, the robotics laws first proposed by Isaac Asimov in the twentieth century remain well-recognised and esteemed due to their specification of preventing human harm, stipulating obedience to humans and incorporating robotic self-protection. However the overwhelming predominance in the study of this field has focussed on human-robot interactions without fully considering the ethical inevitability of future artificial intelligences communicating together and has not addressed the moral nature of robot-robot interactions. A new robotic law is proposed and termed AIonAI or artificial intelligence-on-artificial intelligence. This law tackles the overlooked area where future artificial intelligences will likely interact amongst themselves, potentially leading to exploitation. As such, they would benefit from adopting a universal law of rights to recognise inherent dignity and the inalienable rights of artificial intelligences. Such a consideration can help prevent exploitation and abuse of rational and sentient beings, but would also importantly reflect on our moral code of ethics and the humanity of our civilisation.

关键词： SURGICAL robots   ROBOTICS in medicine   ENDOSCOPIC surgery   SURGEONS   SURGEONS -- Training of   SOCIETIES, etc.  

摘要： Robots are defined as “A machine capable of automatically carrying out a complex series of movements, especially one which is programmable” (Oxford Dictionary). Thomas Sheridan, the “Father of automation and robotics” from MIT used automation and robotics interchangeably: “Automation includes all those things that computers and machines can do to perform tasks for people faster, more accurately, and more efficiently (in terms of time, resources, and human labor) than if they were done directly by people”.

关键词： LAPAROSCOPIC surgery   PROSTATE tumors   ROBOTICS  

摘要： "Robotics beyond the da Vinci."Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies, 24(1), p. 1

关键词： Vesicoscopic reimplant   Vesicoureteral reflux   Ureteral reimpantation  

摘要： Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a challenging procedure to learn but does have outcomes equivalent to standard open repair. Children objectively have less pain than after an open cross-trigonal repair. Operative times compare favorably to other forms of minimally invasive surgery.

摘要： Polishing process is one of the manufacturing issues that are essential in the production flow, but it generates the major amount of defects on parts. Finishing tasks in which polishing is included are performed in the final steps of the manufacturing sequence. Any defect in these steps implies rejection of the part, generating a big amount of scrap and generating a huge amount of energy consumption, emission, and time to manufacture and replace the rejected part. Traditionally polishing process has not evolved during the last 30 years, while other manufacturing processes have been automated and technologically improved. Finishing processes (grinding and polishing), are still manually performed, especially in free form surface parts, but to be sustainable some development and automation have to be introduced. This research proposes a novel polishing system based on robotics and artificial vision. The application of this novel system has allowed reducing the failed parts due to finishing process down to zero percent from 28% of rejected parts with manual polishing process. The reduction in process time consumption, and amount of scrapped parts, has reduced the energy consumption up to 30% in finishing process and 20% in whole manufacturing process for an injection moulded aluminium part for automotive industry with high production volumes.

关键词： Adaptive control   Underactuated robots   Unmodeled dynamics   Moving platforms  

摘要： This paper develops an adaptive controller for underactuated robotic systems with unmodeled dynamics. The control scheme is motivated by the applications of manipulators operating on dynamic platforms. The design decouples the system's adaptation and control loops to allow for fast estimation rates, while guaranteeing bounded deviation from a nonadaptive reference system. The proposed formulation is independent of detailed information about the system model. The control scheme is tested in different trajectory-tracking scenarios: (i) a manipulator installed on a ship operating in a high-sea state with uncertain environmental disturbances and (ii) a mobile manipulator moving across a rough terrain of unknown geometry. The simulation results illustrate the tracking performance of the proposed control algorithm, its ability to deal with unmodeled dynamics, and its robustness to measurement noise and time delay, while maintaining smooth control signals. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tethered space robot   Dynamics modelling   Coordinated control   Optimal control  

摘要： Tethered space robots use tethers to replace rigid arms and have more flexibility than a traditional space robot, which gives it wide application prospect in future on-orbit servicing missions. Before carrying out elaborate manipulations, tethered operation robots need to approach the target. In order to save fuel in the approaching phase, various coordinated control methods that employ tethers and thrusters together are investigated in the literature. However, the increasing mass of the tether and the distributed force acting on the tether will affect the position and attitude of the robot, which is neglected in previous studies and can degrade the performance of the control system. Here, in order to involve these factors, coupled dynamics and coordinated control theories are combined and applied. Firstly, a coupling dynamics model for the tethered space robot system is built based on the Hamilton principle and the linear assumption. Then, based on the dynamics model, we design an optimal coordinated controller which can minimize the fuel consumption by using the hp-adaptive pseudospectral method and the classical PD controller. Finally, the advantages of the proposed method and the performance of the designed controller are validated by the numerical simulation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mobile robots   dynamics   adaptive control   nonholonomic   visual servoing  

摘要： The visual servoing feedback torque stabilization controller of a nonholonomic mobile robot is developed in this paper. Firstly, a camera-object visual servoing kinematic model is introduced and a kinematic stabilizing controller is designed for the kinematic model. Then, an adaptive torque stabilizing controller is proposed in the presence of parametric uncertainties associated with the mechanical dynamics and the camera system. The stability of the proposed control system is rigorously proved through the Lyapunov method. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the control law.

关键词： Minimally invasive surgery   Laparoscopy   Pediatrics   Robotic surgery   Da Vinci surgery   Ureteropelvic junction obstruction  

摘要： Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a common anomaly, and presents clinically in all pediatric age groups. The past 3 decades have witnessed an evolution in the surgical correction of UPJ obstruction on several fronts, with open surgical techniques yielding way to endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted approaches. Robotic-assisted surgery has several advantages in complex laparoscopic reconstructive procedures such as pyeloplasty. Comparative studies of laparoscopic and robot-assisted repairs have demonstrated similar success rates. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is here to stay because of its advantages of safety, efficacy, decreased morbidity, reduced hospital stay, and, perhaps most importantly, cost-effectiveness.