关键词： robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy   robotics   robotics program  

摘要： Purpose of review Advancements in the robotic surgical technology have revolutionized the standard of care for many surgical procedures. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the important considerations in developing a new robotics program at a given healthcare institution. Recent findings Patients' interest in robotic-assisted surgery has and continues to grow because of improved outcomes and decreased periods of hospitalization. Resulting market forces have created a solid foundation for the implementation of robotic surgery into surgical practice. Given proper surgeon experience and an efficient system, robotic-assisted procedures have been cost comparable to open surgical alternatives. Surgeon training and experience is closely linked to the efficiency of a new robotics program. Formally trained robotic surgeons have better patient outcomes and shorter operative times. Training in robotics has shown no negative impact on patient outcomes or mentor learning curves. Summary Individual economic factors of local healthcare settings must be evaluated when planning for a new robotics program. The high cost of the robotic surgical platform is best offset with a large surgical volume. A mature, experienced surgeon is integral to the success of a new robotics program.

关键词： Inspection  

摘要： The Interactive Robotics Laboratory of CEA LIST is in charge of the development of remote handling technologies to meet energy industry requirements. This paper reports the research and development activities in advanced robotics systems for inspection or light intervention in hazardous environments with limited access such as blind hot cells in the nuclear industry or the thermonuclear experimental Tokamak fusion reactor. A long-reach carrier robot called the articulated inspection arm (AIA) and diagnostics and tools for inspection or intervention are described. Finally experimental field tests are presented and actual challenges in modeling the robot's flexibilities are discussed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

摘要： Background: Robotic surgery has become increasingly used due to its enhancement of visualization, precision, and articulation. It eliminates many of the problems encountered with conventional minimally invasive techniques and has been shown to result in reduced blood loss and complications. The rise in endoscopic procedures in otolaryngology head and neck surgery, and associated difficulties, suggests that robotic surgery may have a role to play. Objective of Review: To determine whether robotic surgery conveys any benefits compared to conventional minimally invasive approaches, specifically looking at precision, operative time, and visualization. Type of Review: A systematic review of the literature with a defined search strategy. Search strategy: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL using strategy: ((robot* OR (robot* AND surgery)) AND (ent OR otolaryngology)) to November 2010. Evaluation Method: Articles reviewed by authors and data compiled in tables for analysis. Results: There were 33 references included in the study. Access and visualization were regularly mentioned as key benefits, though no objective data has been recorded in any study. Once initial setup difficulties were overcome, operative time was shown to decrease with robotic surgery, except in one controlled series of thyroid surgeries. Precision was also highlighted as an advantage, particularly in otological and skull base surgery. Postoperative outcomes were considered equivalent to or better than conventional surgery. Cost was the biggest drawback. Conclusions: The evidence base to date suggests there are benefits to robotic surgery in OHNS, particularly with regards to access, precision, and operative time but there is a lack of controlled, prospective studies with objective outcome measures. In addition, economic feasibility studies must be carried out before a robotic OHNS service is established. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cyberphysical systems   Security   Telesurgical robotics   Telesurgery  

摘要： Researchers in telesurgical robotics and security collaborated to develop the Secure ITP, a security enhancement to the Interoperable Telesurgery Protocol (ITP). The ITP defines the structure for communication between telesurgery robots and controllers and has been adopted and tested by fourteen research groups in telesurgical robotics. The Secure ITP uses open source software tools and follows guidelines in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) documents published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to create asecurity enhancement prototype for demonstration purposes and tofacilitate the development of new security technologies which addressthe stringent requirements of telesurgery. (C) 2011 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer aided instruction  

摘要： Researchers suggest that architectural robotics embedded into the built environment will support and augment regular work, learning, healthcare, entertainment, and leisure activities. They state that architectural robotics can empower people of all ages to live more independently in medical facilities and homes, adapting to their changing needs and capabilities. Architectural robotics can also physically morph to support more and different physical and digital tasks and social, collaborative interactions in work environments. Architectural robotics located inside or outside the formal classroom in learning environments can afford interactive, creative exploration, and inquiry. Architectural robotics also has the potential to respond effectively to a variety of disasters of natural and human origins in urban environments, providing support for victims assembling, seeking treatment, and planning recovery operations.

关键词： 空间机器人   弱扰动惯性力矩   鲁棒性   实时性   PSO算法  

摘要： 针对多刚体空间机器人存在的弱扰动惯性力矩(由本体姿态运动产生的扰动力矩、以及由科氏力和离心力产生的扰动力矩等),由于动力学关系的复杂性,空间机器人弱扰动惯性力矩的计算是非常耗时的,同时由于参数的不确定性和机器人运动测量精度的限制,其精确计算也往往是困难的。本文用李雅普诺夫法设计了鲁棒控制器,不但在系统参数发生变化的情况下具有鲁棒性,而且实时性很好。 本文在所提出的鲁棒控制器中设计了合适的补偿控制量,对机器人的弱扰动惯性力矩进行补偿,降低了控制算法的复杂程度,极大地减少了计算时间。在补偿控制量的计算上,本文应用粒子群算法(PSO)搜索出机器人弱扰动惯性运动系数矩阵的约束空间,解决了估计弱扰动惯性力矩的技术障碍。 动力学仿真表明本文提出的控制器具有很好的鲁棒性和实时性,而且在某些任务空间内,补偿控制量可以在一定程度上抵消未补偿的控制量,从而减小输出控制力矩。此外,应用设计的控制器对2关节与6关节空间机器人进行轨迹跟踪控制仿真,对比分析了2关节与6关节空间机器人的实时性,通过该分析,进一步证明了设计的鲁棒控制器具有较好的实时性和鲁棒性。最后,对空间机器人的在姿态进行控制,验证了姿态与轨迹跟踪之间的耦合关系,在轨迹跟踪控制精度提高的同时能够进一步提高姿态运动的快速性和准确性。

摘要： This article has no abstract

关键词： 阿西莫夫   机器人学   科幻小说  

摘要： 2012年4月6日,世界三大科幻作家之一艾萨克·阿西莫夫去世20周年。早在上世纪阿西莫夫的科幻小说中文版出版后,就有了一大批的拥趸者,他不仅激发了中国科幻小说的创作热情,还成为一代人的记忆。作为世界科幻界的里程碑人物,阿西莫夫带给我们什么样的思考?国内科幻作家代表之一韩松说,他本人就是受阿西莫夫的影响走上科幻创作之路,如今阿西莫夫对他的影响不再是小说的情节,更多的是哲学上的思考。

摘要： This article has no abstract

关键词： 科幻小说   传奇   科学工作者   机器人学   科普作家  

摘要： 如果你曾经看过电影《我，机器人》和《机器管家》，如果你知道“机器人学三定律”，那么你一定不会对艾萨克·阿西莫夫这个名字感到陌生。作为一名科学工作者、一名科幻小说家、一名科普作家，阿西莫夫成了引领许多人走上科学道路的引路者。他缔造了一个传奇的科幻帝国，构筑了一代又一代人的科幻梦。