关键词： biodegradable   electronic skins   green electronics   green materials   soft robotics   sustainability  

摘要： The advancement of technology has a profound and far-reaching impact on the society, now penetrating all areas of life. From cradle to grave, one is supported by and depends on a wide range of electronic and robotic appliances, with an ever more intimate integration of the digital and biological spheres. These advances, however, often come at the price of negatively impacting our ecosystem, with growing demands on energy, contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution-from production to improper disposal. Mitigating these adverse effects is among the grand challenges of the society and at the forefront of materials research. The currently emerging forms of soft, biologically inspired electronics and robotics have the unique potential of becoming not only like their natural antitypes in performance and capabilities, but also in terms of their ecological footprint. This review outlines the rise of sustainable materials in soft and bioinspired robotics, targeting all robotic components from actuators to energy storage and electronics. The state-of-the-art in biobased robotics spans flourishing fields and applications ranging from microbots operating in vivo to biohybrid machines and fully biodegradable yet resilient actuators. These first steps initiate the evolution of robotics and guide them into a sustainable future.

关键词： Social robots   Computers are social actors   Politeness   Children-robot interaction   User experience  

摘要： Social robots employed for childcare must conform to the norms of human society if they are to help children acquire valuable interpersonal interaction skills through the inculcation of behavioral attributes such as politeness. A survey of working parents identified certain behavioral principles necessary for social robots used with children at varying stages of their social development. A set of politeness principles was derived from scholarly discussions on human courtesy to design appropriately polite social robots. In communicating courteously with children, social robots must be able to express intimacy (i.e., friendliness), respect opinions (i.e., agreeableness), and remember previous interactions (i.e., attentiveness). These principles should improve children's evaluation of the robots and enhance their perception of the machines' sociality, likability, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness. The results obtained from this study confirm that the priorities of etiquette must be modified according to the developmental stages of children. These outcomes offer practical implications for the design of social robots.

关键词： Free energy  

摘要： Predictive processing has become an influential framework in cognitive sciences. This framework turns the traditional view of perception upside down, claiming that the main flow of information processing is realized in a top-down, hierarchical manner. Furthermore, it aims at unifying perception, cognition, and action as a single inferential process. However, in the related literature, the predictive processing framework and its associated schemes, such as predictive coding, active inference, perceptual inference, and free-energy principle, tend to be used interchangeably. In the field of cognitive robotics, there is no clear-cut distinction on which schemes have been implemented and under which assumptions. In this letter, working definitions are set with the main aim of analyzing the state of the art in cognitive robotics research working under the predictive processing framework as well as some related nonrobotic models. The analysis suggests that, first, research in both cognitive robotics implementations and nonrobotic models needs to be extended to the study of how multiple exteroceptive modalities can be integrated into prediction error minimization schemes. Second, a relevant distinction found here is that cognitive robotics implementations tend to emphasize the learning of a generative model, while in nonrobotics models, it is almost absent. Third, despite the relevance for active inference, few cognitive robotics implementations examine the issues around control and whether it should result from the substitution of inverse models with proprioceptive predictions. Finally, limited attention has been placed on precision weighting and the tracking of prediction error dynamics. These mechanisms should help to explore more complex behaviors and tasks in cognitive robotics research under the predictive processing framework.

关键词： grasping and manipulation of soft objects   soft robotics   soft gripper   pneumatic gripper   jamming gripper   passive gripper  

摘要： Soft grippers have experienced a growing interest due to their considerable flexibility that allows them to grasp a variety of objects, in contrast to hard grippers, which are designed for a specific item. One of their most remarkable characteristics is the ability to manipulate soft objects without damaging them. This, together with their wide range of applications and the use of novels materials and technologies, renders them a very robust device. In this paper, we present a comparison of different technologies for soft robotics grippers. We fabricated and tested four grippers. Two use pneumatic actuation (the gripper with chambered fingers and the jamming gripper), while the other two employ electromechanical actuation (the tendon driver gripper and the gripper with passive structure). For the experiments, a group of twelve objects with different mechanical and geometrical properties have been selected. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of the environmental conditions on the grippers, by testing each object in three different environments: normal, humid, and dusty. The aim of this comparative study is to show the different performances of different grippers tested under the same conditions. Our findings indicate that we can highlight that the mechanical gripper with a passive structure shows greater robustness.

关键词： High-throughput technology   Enzyme technology   Drug delivery   Nanobot   Biofuel  

摘要： The use of robotics in the life science sector has created a considerable and significant impact on a wide range of research areas, including enzyme technology due to their immense applications in enzyme and microbial engineering as an indispensable tool in high-throughput screening applications. Scientists are experiencing the advanced applications of various biological robots (nanobots), fabricated based on bottom-up or top-down approaches for making nanotechnology scaffolds. Nanobots and enzyme-powered nanomotors are particularly attractive because they are self-propelled vehicles, which consume biocompatible fuels. These smart nanostructures are widely used as drug delivery systems for the efficient treatment of various diseases. This review gives insights into the escalating necessity of robotics and nanobots and their ever-widening applications in enzyme technology, including biofuel production and biomedical applications. It also offers brief insights into high-throughput robotic platforms that are currently being used in enzyme screening applications for monitoring and control of microbial growth conditions.

关键词： autonomous robotics   electronics   self‐   healing materials   self‐   repair  

摘要： Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonomous operation. Having self-healable robotic materials can potentially reduce costs, electronic wastes, and improve a robot endowed with such materials longevity. This review aims to serve as a roadmap driven by past advances and inspire future cross-disciplinary research in robotic materials and electronics. By first charting the history of self-healing materials, new avenues are provided to classify the various self-healing materials proposed over several decades. The materials and strategies for self-healing in robotics and stretchable electronics are also reviewed and discussed. It is believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging branch in robotics interfacing with material science and electronics.

关键词： Military robotics systems   drone warfare   targeted killing   legitimacy   global governance  

摘要： The purpose of this review article is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of a recent special issue of Small Wars & Insurgencies, "The impacts of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) across the conflict spectrum," as it relates to the case of drone warfare. The special issue both reinforces and expands on the preceding "three waves" of drone warfare literature. Specifically, contributing authors further explain the proliferation of drones among states, problematize their effectiveness, and unpack the normative implications of their use. The authors also raise important questions regarding the proliferation of drones to non-state actors, the social-psychology of leaders' use of drones, and scholars' inconsistent understanding of the rightful conduct of drone strikes by states in regional and global contexts. The special issue, therefore, constitutes an important inflection point in the extant literature on drone warfare. It sets the conditions for a future research agenda that requires scholars to better link the competing logics that inform states' use of drone strikes to the trade-offs imposed on global order, as well as the managerial recourses that are available to member states of international society.

关键词： robotic systems   collaborative robotics  

摘要： Collaborative robotics is an umbrella term that conveys the general idea of proximity between machines and humans for some useful tasks in a shared space, with a range of options for timing (continuously, synchronously, alternately, etc.). While this type of human robot interaction is fairly common in many fields of robotics, this survey is dedicated to the technology and situations that are typical of industrial applications. The current state-of-the-art in collaborative robotics for industrial applications is the result of a long legacy of research and development in actuation principles and mechanisms from 2000s onward, together with an abundant literature about improving control performances, intuitive interaction modes, and perception with sensors. Safety technology and standardization is discussed according to the principles of risk estimation and the typical strategies for risk reduction that are suitable for different classes of robot systems are used in collaborative applications. The organization of applications (planning, role assignment, optimization of resources) has a major impact on both the quality and the safety of collaborative robotics solutions, with most of the literature focused on investigating those performance metrics that combine human factors and production figures. The survey is intended to delineate an interpretation key for the design of collaborative robotics solution that explains the relationship among all relevant factors: actuation, control, safety, physical interaction, usability, and productivity.

关键词： 参赛选手   惠水县   商务学院   贵州省   竞赛   青少年   教练员   开幕  

摘要： 2021年4月10日,2021年贵州省青少年机器人竞赛在惠水县贵州财经大学商务学院开幕。本次竞赛由贵州省科协、贵州省教育厅、贵州省文明办、贵州团贵州省委、贵州省妇联、贵州省科技厅共同主办,竞赛为期两天,将有来自全省9个市(州)的270支队伍1100多名参赛选手和教练员比赛。

关键词： 机器人学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787302565086

摘要： 本书介绍了机器人学的基本原理及其应用。共分为7章：第1章介绍机器人学的发展历史及相关基础知识；第2章介绍机器人的基本结构及驱动方式；第3章介绍机器人的运动学与动力学；第4章介绍机器人传感器与视觉系统；第5章阐述机器人规划与人机交互；第6章介绍机器人典型控制算法的基础知识及典型应用。第7章介绍智能机器人的典型应用案例。