关键词： Ridge-hotspot interaction   Southeast Indian Ridge   Kerguelen hotspot   Amsterdam-St. Paul hotspot   Mantle melting   Crustal accretion  

摘要： We investigated the influence of the Kerguelen (K) and Amsterdam-St. Paul (ASP) dual hotspots on mantle evolution and crustal accretion in the eastern Indian Ocean. Using surface plate motion constraints from the global plate reconstruction model and the 3-D mantle convection code (ASPECT), we illustrated detailed processes of mantle upwelling, melting, and crustal accretion in the ridge-dual hotspot system. Model results demonstrate that the K hotspot significantly increased the mantle temperature over a wide region of over 1,500 km, leading to a 1-2 km increase in average crustal thickness along the entire Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR). Only ridge-dual hotspot interaction models can explain key crustal variations along the SEIR. Gravity analysis revealed the K hotspot's long-term interaction with nearby ridges formed significant crustal anomalies, while the ASP hotspot's 10 Myr interaction with SEIR created localized anomalies. The distance between the ridge and hotspot, as well as plume flux, are key factors controlling the strength of ridge-hotspot interaction. The K hotspot, with its relatively higher plume flux, has double the influence distance of the ASP hotspot. Furthermore, our models indicate a possible direct interaction between the K and ASP hotspots, resulting in the ASP plume materials flowing towards the K plume.

关键词： brown planthopper   resistant rice   response mechanism   RNA sequencing   ABC transporters  

摘要： The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a major pest that has been causing substantial losses in rice production across Asia for decades [1]. BPHs feed on rice phloem sap by using their piercing–sucking mouthparts. Rice plants infested with a BPH population show various symptoms, such as dwarfing, wilting, browning, and drying. In addition, BPHs act as a vector for viral diseases that can lead to the death of rice plants [2,3].In this study, we utilized two rice cultivars: Taichung Native 1 (TN1), a susceptible variety, and YHY15, a resistant variety carrying the Bph15 resistance gene [6]. These were used to rear two populations of BPH, designated as biotype 1 and biotype Y. Biotype 1, an avirulent population, was maintained on TN1 rice. In contrast, a virulent biotype Y population was developed through the adaptation of biotype 1 on YHY15 plants starting in January 2007, over the course of more than 160 generations (samples were collected in July 2019) [16]. All rice plants were cultivated from seeds sown in sponges with dimensions of 6 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height, with six plants per cup. These plants were grown in a controlled-environment incubator maintained at 30 ± 2 °C during the day (16 h, 06:00–22:00) and 28 ± 2 °C at night (8 h, 22:00–06:00). Depending on the experimental requirements, the rice plants were grown for approximately 2 to 5 weeks post-sowing. The BPH populations were maintained at Xinyang Normal University, China, under conditions of 26 ± 1 °C with a 16-h light/8-h dark cycle. Third-instar BPH nymphs were utilized for both the feeding and micro-injection *** to the feeding treatment, the third-instar nymphs underwent a starvation period of 1 h. Post-starved, third-instar nymphs of both biotype 1 and biotype Y were introduced onto three-week-old YHY15 rice plants for feeding. On average, each rice seedling hosted approximately 15 insect individuals. For RNA-seq analysis, nymphs were