关键词： Crop residue burning   Northeast China   Burned area   Active fire   Cropping pattern adjustment  

摘要： China's endeavors to mitigate recurrent crop residue burning (CRB) and improve air quality have yielded positive results owing to recent pollution prevention policies. Nonetheless, persistent challenges remain, particularly in the Northeast China (NEC), where low temperature complicates crop residue management. Here, we examined the effects of cropping pattern adjustment on variations of CRB patterns in NEC during 2001-2021, utilizing the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area dataset, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fire dataset, and the high-accuracy crop planting area maps. Our results revealed an overall upward trend of 805.96 km2 /yr in NEC CRB from 2001 to 2021. The corn CRB area accounted for more than 50% of the total CRB area in each CRB-intensive year (2013-2021), and the increasing corn CRB generally aligns with the growing corn cultivation fields. A seasonal shift in CRB was found around 2017, with intensive CRB activities transitioning from both autumn and spring to primarily spring, particularly in the Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain. The changing trend of PM2.5 concentration aligned spatially with the shift. Moreover, the CRBs in spring of 2020 and 2021 were more severe than the major burning seasons in previous years, likely due to the disruptions during COVID-19 lockdowns. In certain years, the explanatory power of spring CRB on PM2.5 concentration was comparable to that of other natural factors, such as precipitation. This study underscores the critical need for sustained and region-specific strategies to tackle the challenges posed by CRBs.

关键词： Active fires   Climate change   Minimum monthly precipitation   High fire season   The tropics  

摘要： The interactions between fire, ecosystems, and climate are complex. Tropical ecosystems have dominated global active fires nowadays, yet its causes, mechanisms, and consequences remain relatively poorly understood. To investigate temporal response of remotely-sensed active fires to intra-annual climate change, several 1-km datasets, including the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Collection 6 (MODIS C6) active fires and the Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth's Land Surface Areas (CHELSA) climate variables, were gathered to examine the climatic characteristics of active fire incidences, fire-climate correlations, and the average monthly response of active fire occurrences to climate change using the Geographic Information System (GIS) Fishnet tool, Theil-Sen Median slope estimation, Mann-Kendall significance test, and Pearson's correlation. We concluded that climate variables' trends of nearly two-decade active fires displayed varied degrees of increment in precipitation (Pre), temperature (Tas), and surface downwelling shortwave radiation (Rsds) and inconsistent decrement in near-surface relative humidity (Hurs) and near-surface wind speed (sfcWind). MODIS multi-year (2003-2018) active fires were moderately to strongly correlated negatively with Pre and Hurs at 10 km grid-resolution but positively with sfcWind and Rsds, showing marked geographical variations in correlation direction and strength. The most significant finding is the newly observed inverse relationship between active fires and precipitation on both sides of the equator. High occurrence areas of active fires regularly appear back and forth along with latitudinal changes (at one-degree intervals) in monthly minimum precipitation between the tropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The present study contributes to exploring the underlying mechanism of fire-climate interactions against the backdrop of climate warming.

关键词： Advanced nurse practitioner   Advanced practitioner   Ireland   Contribution   Role   Professional practice   Integrative review   Healthcare provision  

摘要： Background: In Ireland the role of advanced nurse practitioner has developed significantly since 2001. This evolution is rooted in the growing recognition of the need for highly skilled nursing professionals to address complex healthcare demands and improve patient outcomes. Objective: To scope the landscape and identify the effect of advanced nurse practitioners on healthcare provision in Ireland. Design: A systematic search of eight academic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Medline and Academic Search Complete, Cochrane, Web of Science) relevant to nursing and health care were performed. Setting(s): Nursing care environment. Participants: Advanced nurse practitioners delivering care. Methods: A pre-defined systematic search of eight academic databases was conducted, and two reviewers screened each study against the inclusion criteria. Additional hand-searching of the reference lists (backward chaining) and citations (forward chaining) of papers that met the inclusion criteria was conducted. The methodological details of each paper were extracted and assessed for quality and rigour utilising the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date, Significance checklist for appraising grey literature. Data were mapped and analysed onto the six domains of advanced nurse practitioner practice, and the review was reported in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta- Analyses guidelines. Results: All papers included in this review spanned across the last 20 years. In total, 45 papers met the inclusion criteria: quantitative (n = 11), qualitative (n = 15), mixed methods (n = 4), and discussion/clinical cases (n = 15) papers. Advanced nurse practitioners in Ireland contribute substantial impacts on management and team competence, clinical-decision making, leadership and professional scholarship, professional values and conduct, communication and interpersonal competence, and knowledge and cognitive

关键词： Hist-risk clone   Escherichia coli ST648/*a194   Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)   Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)   Multidrug resistance   sub-Saharan Africa   Genomics  

摘要： Gastrointestinal and bloodstream infections account for a major cause of medical emergency and mortality among pediatric populations. Although Escherichia coli is implicated in multiple infections, its virulence and antimicrobial resistance are elusive. Here we aimed to uncover the pathogen associated with diarrhea and sepsis from a 3-year-old patient under ICU in Kampala. We isolated an E. coli strain, challenged it with a panel of 16 antibiotics and whole-genome sequenced it to delve into the virulome and resistome underlying the pathogenicity and relevance to the patient's disease. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) results revealed that the isolate was resistant to 12 antibiotics. Combining PathogenFinder with multilocus sequence typing (MLST), we found a high-risk human pathogen (p = 99.9 %), ST648/*a194 (serotype O8:H4), which possesses autotransporters ehaB and enteroaggregative immunoglobulin repeat protein eaeX, among other virulence factors. This strain has acquired plasmids harboring multidrug resistance genes of the beta lactamase family (blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, and blaOXA-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes including aadA5, aac(3)-IIa and aac(6 ')-Ib-cr, and fluroquinolone resistance gene aac(6 ')-Ib-cr. Using the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD), we identified multiple nonsynonymous mutations for the genes gyrA (D87N), S83L, ParC (S80I), conferring fluroquinolone resistance along with the multidrug resistance gene AcrAB-TolC with MarR mutations (Y137H, G103S). Overall, we infer a hybrid pathotype of enteroaggregative-hemorrhagic E. coli (EAHEC) with the potential for gastrointestinal tract, systemic infection and multidrug resistance covering third-generation cephalosporins. Comprehensive genomic surveillance is urgently required to enhance our therapeutic intervention of these high-risk E. coli clones in low-resource settings.

关键词： Applications   Biological activities   Chemical compositions   Potential toxicity   Processing  

摘要： Yerba mate, a plant native to South America and traditionally brewed and consumed as an infusion, has recently garnered attention beyond its native region for its potential health benefits. Recognized as a new food raw material in China in 2023, yerba mate is currently primarily consumed as an infusion but holds broader application prospects. Although numerous studies have reported its rich bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins, as well as its biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, and organ-protective effects, comprehensive reviews on its processing, chemical diversity, and potential toxicological risks remain limited. This review synthesizes previous studies, primarily from the past decade, to highlight yerba mate's processing, bioactive components, biological activities, potential toxicity, and its applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Furthermore, it discusses promising future research directions for yerba mate based on recent advancements, laying a foundation for innovative applications. It is hoped that this review will draw greater attention to yerba mate and contribute to its further utilization in functional foods, food packaging, therapeutic medicine, fodder, fertilizer and materials.

关键词： Mississippi River   CESM2 large ensembles   Emissions scenario   Hydroclimate variability  

摘要： The Mississippi River Basin (MRB), the fourth-largest river basin in the world, is an important corridor for hydroelectric power generation, agricultural and industrial production, riverine transportation, and ecosystem goods and services. Historically, flooding of the Mississippi River has resulted in significant economic losses. In a future with an intensified global hydrological cycle, the altered discharge of the river may jeopardize communities and infrastructure situated in the floodplain. This study utilizes output from the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) large ensemble simulations spanning 1930 to 2100 to quantify changes in future MRB discharge under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SSP3-7.0). The simulations show that increasing precipitation trends exceed and dominate increased evapotranspiration (ET), driving an overall increase in total discharge in the Ohio and Lower Mississippi River basins. On a seasonal scale, reduced spring snowmelt is projected in the Ohio and Missouri River basins, leading to reduced spring runoff in those regions. However, decreased snowmelt and spring runoff is overshadowed by a larger increase in projected precipitation minus ET over the entire basin and leads to an increase in mean river discharge. This increase in discharge is linked to a relatively small increase in the magnitude of extreme floods (2 % and 3 % for 100-year and 1000-year floods, respectively) by the late 21st century relative to the late 20th century. Our analyses imply that under SSP3-7.0 forcing, the Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T) project design flood would not be exceeded at the 100-year return period. Our results harbor implications for water resources management including increased vulnerability of the Mississippi River given projected changes in climate.

关键词： school spending inequality   QuantCrit   school expenditures   racial inequality  

摘要： As outcome gaps persist between students of varying racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, it remains critical to assess how equitably school funding regimes allocate resources, perhaps most importantly in segregated areas. In this article, I apply a QuantCrit framework to examine school funding in the St. Louis region using newly available school-level data, data particularly relevant in urban settings with large potential within-district funding variation. My findings vary widely predicated on choices to include measures of local property wealth, underscoring the importance of quantitative analyses to motivate analytical decisions based on the context and historical underpinnings of relevant data sources.

关键词： Ocean circulation   Transit time   Ocean modelling   Gulf of St. Lawrence  

摘要： The transit time of the subsurface waters in the hypoxic and acidified Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) is poorly understood, despite its strong influence on physical and biogeochemical water properties. Three estimates of the transit time of the deep waters between Cabot Strait and the head of the Laurentian Channel, a deep channel cutting through the GSL, have been published up to now. Here, using lagrangian tracking experiments in a regional ocean model, we provide a new estimate of the transit time in the deep layer (> 225 m) of the GSL, as well as the first estimate of the transit time in the intermediate layer (50-175 m). Our estimate for the deep layer is 3.2 +/- 0.7 years. The transit time in the intermediate layer (1.2 +/- 0.5 years) is nearly three times faster than in the deep layer. The deep waters travel mainly up the Laurentian Channel, whereas most of the intermediate waters first transit through the Esquiman and /or Anticosti Channels. Our results also highlighted the impact of the seasonal changes in large-scale circulation on the transit times of the particles seeded at Cabot Strait. In summer and fall, the circulation is relaxed, and subsurface waters transit slowly but more directly upstream, leading to faster transit times. In winter and spring, the circulation is intensified but many particles get caught in large gyres prevalent during these seasons, leading to slower average transit times.