关键词： 超临界流体萃取   液固萃取滤管   环境污染物   分离  

关键词： Biomass  

摘要： In countries where fossil fuels have not been readily available, and whose livelihood depends to a great extent on a clean environment, energy generation technologies have been and are continuing to be developed which are acceptable to the community and extensively use renewable energy in various combinations. In this respect, as alternative disposal methods are becoming increasingly more expensive, an economic case for using forestry, agricultural and industrial wastes as fuels can be presented which shows reduced land disposal costs, since waste volume is significantly decreased, reduced primary fuel requirements and an improved environment. Fluidized bed combustion has been shown to be reliableand cost effective.

关键词： 超临界流体   萃取技术   环境保护  

摘要： 综述了超临界流体萃取技术及国外应用于环境保护方面探索研究的进展情况。

关键词： BIOMASS   FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION   EMISSIONS   NITROGEN OXIDES   POLLUTION CONTROL   ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS  

摘要： Fluidized bed combustors have become the technological choice for power generation from biomass fuels in California. Atmospheric emission data obtained during compliance tests are compared for five operating 18 to 32 MW fluidized bed combustion power plants. The discussion focuses on the impact of fuel properties and boiler design criteria on the emission of pollutants, the efficiency of pollution control devices, and regulations affecting atmospheric emissions. Stack NO(x) emission factors are shown not to vary substantially among the five plants which burn fuels with nitrogen concentrations between 0.3 and 1.1% dry weight. With reference to previous work, it is suggested that fuel nitrogen to NO(x) conversion rates gradually level off at fuel nitrogen concentrations above 0.15%. Prompt NO(x) formation mechanisms are suggested to be important in addition to fuel NO(x) mechanisms, compensating for reduced formation of thermal NO(x) in fluidized bed combustors. This may limit the extent to which NO(x) formation can be controlled in the boiler. All facilities use at least one particular control device, but not all use limestone injection or other control techniques for sulfur and chlorine. The lack of control for chlorine suggests the potential for emission of toxic species due to favorable temperature conditions existing in the particulate control devices, particularly when burning fuels containing high concentrations of chlorine.

关键词： LEACHATE   SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS   ANAEROBIC   ACTIVATED CARBON   SULFATE REDUCTION   METHANOGENIC   EXPANDED-BED BIOREACTOR  

摘要： Two anaerobic granular activated carbon (GAC) expanded-bed bioreactors were tested as pretreatment units for the decontamination of hazardous leachates containing volatile and semivolatile synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs). The different characteristics of the two leachate feed streams resulted in one reactor operating in a sulfate-reducing mode and the second in a strictly methanogenic environment. Both reactors were operated with a 6-hr unexpanded empty-bed contact time and achieved SOC removal acceptable for pretreatment units. In both reactors, the majority of the SOCs were removed by biological activity, with GAC adsorption providing stability to each system by buffering against load fluctuations.

关键词： OIL SHALE   PFH   ENVIRONMENTAL DATA  

摘要： As part of a three year programme to develop the pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) process for Eastern oil shales, tests were conducted in laboratory-scale batch and continuous units as well as a bench-scale unit (45 kg h-1) to generate a data base for six Eastern shales. Data were collected during PFH processing of raw Alabama and Indiana shales and a beneficiated Indiana shale for environmental mitigation analyses. The data generated include trace element analyses of the raw feeds and spent shales, product oils and sour waters. The sulphur compounds present in the product gas and trace components in the sour water were also determined. In addition, the leaching characteristics of the feed and residue solids were determined. The data obtained were used to evaluate the environmental impact of a shale processing plant based on the PFH process. This paper presents the environmental data obtained from bench-scale tests conducted during the programme.

ISBN: (纸本)7562406243

ISBN: (纸本)7302010242

关键词： 工业   环境   流体力学  

摘要： 5 环境流体流动 5.1 一些重要的问题 在环境中有许多不同种类的流体运动,而且在这些运动与物理学、化学和生物学的过程之间有许多种类的相互作用。

关键词： 工业流体力学   环境流体力学   混合  

摘要： 1 引言 90年代的开始,正是对工业和环境流体力学进行综述的适当时候,因为在这10年里,将有许多流体流动问题有待解决,这些问题就是全世界都在关注的经济发展问题,人民生活质量问题,以及全球环境问题。此外,很可能,流体力学研究及其应用的方向,同其他科学和技术一样,由军事装备的设计及其在战争中的使用而引起的问题,将趋于减少;军事技术方面取得的进展,可能在许多场合应用于工业和环境流体力学(IEFM)提出的重要问题。