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摘要： The possibility that biological warfare may be used against the United States cannot be ignored. There is no evidence that it has ever been employed as a major weapons system, and its effectiveness has not been proved, but it is feasible. As an area weapon, it would affect civilian as well as military personnel. Recognition of an attack and identification of the agent would be major problems. Artificial immunization constitutes the most effective means of protection. Antibiotics now available are effective against infections with the likely bacterial and rickettsial agents, but viral and mycotic infections would present additional problems. Proper training of civilian and military personnel, advance planning to include stockpiling of adequate amounts of antibiotics, and expansion of present research efforts in the basic processes of infection can provide a reasonably adequate defense.

关键词： 生物武器   部队  

摘要： 現代战爭中,敌人为了挽救其垂死的命运:將不顾世界人民的反对,首先惨無人道地施用原子、化学、生物(細菌)等武器。其中生物武器对艦艇

关键词： 生物武器   预防   卫生  

摘要： 怎样反细菌战

摘要： The modest clinical impact of musculoskeletal tissue engineering (TE) can be attributed, at least in part, to a failure to recapitulate the structure, composition and functional properties of the target tissue. This has motivated increased interest in developmentally inspired (DI) TE strategies, which seek to recapitulate key events that occur during embryonic and postnatal development, to generate truly biomimetic grafts. Typically, these approaches are scaffold-free and underpinned by processes such as cellular self-assembly and self-organisation. Such TE strategies can be substantially enabled by emerging biofabrication and bioprinting strategies, and in particular the use of cellular aggregates and microtissues as ?biological building blocks? for the development of larger tissues and/or organ precursors. The objective of this thesis was to explore the potential to converge these emerging biofabrication strategies with existing 3D (bio)printing methods to develop scalable methods to engineer highly biomimetic tissues suited to biological joint resurfacing. This thesis first engineered a highly biomimetic articular cartilage (AC) via directed self-organisation. To achieve this, inkjet bioprinting was used to precisely deposit MSCs into a novel fixation device which supported the development of a self-organised cartilage from the high cell density condensations. A microwell array imposed boundary conditions on the developing tissue and served to generate stratification within the collagen network that closely mirrored native AC. Dynamic culture conditions were shown to further enhance the quality of this engineered cartilage, in terms of the matrix richness as well as the hierarchical collagen arrangement. Next, the use of microtissues as biological building blocks for engineering cartilage tissues of scale was explored. To this end a novel microwell method, ideally suited to the biofabrication and cultivation of spheroids, was designed and validated. Principally