关键词： horizontal displacements   surface deformations   mining exploitation   horizontal displacement coefficient  

摘要： The paper presents a wide-ranged analysis of horizontal displacements in the region of underground mining exploitation. Initially, various theories pertaining to the determination of mining-induced horizontal displacement are discussed, followed by a complex study on horizontal displacements measured for a selected example region of the German coal mine BW Prosper Haniel, as well as the determination of displacement factor B.

关键词： 生物武器   贸易条约   美国   流产   AK-47   国际法   常规武器   军火交易  

摘要： 如今,化学、生物武器已基本上被国际法所完全禁止,核武器在国际法下已经受到了很严格的规范,而针对从AK-47到导弹在内的各种不同类型的常规武器,却是国际法内所剩下的为数不多的、存有大量法律空白的领域。面对全球日益膨胀的军火交易,很多国家和组织都希望能够对其进行有效的控制和管理。

关键词： 人工合成   生物武器   DNA   病毒   总统   保卫战   私生子   个性化  

摘要： 在不远的将来，根据总统的DNA就能创造出针对个人的生物武器，轻易除掉一个国家的领导人，而且不留任何痕迹。2015年的某日，哈佛大学政府专业大二学生萨曼莎收到了一份快递包襄，她以为这是刚从网上订购的新合成迷幻药，于是拿出一枚药片塞入了自己的鼻孔。当天晚上，萨曼莎就出现了轻微流感症状，由于感染了药片上的病毒，她的体内开始复制和释放数以亿计的病毒粒子，这些病毒粒子在大学校园中以惊人的速度迅速扩散，不过，感染病毒的人除了轻微发烧和打喷嚏这些感冒症状外，并不会有任何生命危险。

关键词： competition   conservation   disease-mediated invasions   enemy alliance   extinctions   invasive species   modelling parasites   replacement   spillback   spillover  

摘要： 1. Invasive organisms and emerging wildlife disease pose two of the greatest threats to global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. 2. Typically, when parasites are considered in invasion biology, it is in the context of the enemy release hypothesis, wherein a non-indigenous species has greater probability of invasion success by virtue of leaving its natural enemies, including parasites, behind. 3. It is also possible that native parasites may prevent invasions, but it is clear that invasive organisms may bring infectious diseases with them that can infect native competitors (via spillover), or act as competent hosts for native diseases, increasing disease prevalence among native species (via spillback). 4. If the shared disease (either via spillover or spillback) has higher virulence in the native host (which is particularly likely with introduced parasites), there is the potential that the disease can act as a biological weapon leading to a disease-mediated invasion (DMI). 5. Here, we review cases where disease may have been an important factor mediating a wide range of invasions in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. 6. We then focus on the invasion of the grey squirrel into the UK as a case study of a DMI, and we discuss how mathematical models have helped us to understand the importance of this shared disease and its implications for the management of invasive species. 7. We conclude that (i) DMIs are a widespread phenomenon, that (ii) spillover is more common in animal invasions and spillback more common among plant invasions and that (iii) spillover DMIs are particularly important in explaining the replacement of native animals with phylogenetically similar non-indigenous species.

关键词： Biological weapons   Treaties   Health care administration   Arms control   Nuclear weapons   Pathogens   Executive branch   National security  

摘要： Four years ago, President-elect Barack Obama told the country that conventional thinking has failed to keep up with new nuclear, chemical, and biological threats. Upon taking office, he immediately began working toward ambitious nuclear disarmament goals, making his first major foreign address a vow to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons. As the science and technical components behind biological weapons become ever more accessible to states, groups, and even individuals, it is crucial to have a strategy that keeps pace with the evolving risk. Experts, including current and former Obama administration officials, have sounded alarms that biological weapons pose a serious threat to the country, perhaps even greater than the one from nuclear weapons. Clearly, more could and should be done to improve cooperation and consultation on biological threats across industry, academia, and government. The new administration should therefore ensure that the president's science adviser is someone from the life sciences community, to act as a bridge between private knowledge and public interest.

关键词： 生物恐怖主义   联合演习   回应能力   恐怖袭击   生物武器   国防部   韩国   研究所  

摘要： 韩美拟举行反生物恐怖主义联合演习 韩国国防部5月11日声明，韩国和美国计划下周举行第二次年度反生物恐怖主义联合演习，以检验双方合作应对生物武器恐怖袭击的能力。演习代号“回应能力2012”，从15日开始，为期4天，主要地点为韩国国防分析研究所。

关键词： 生物恐怖   生物国防   生物武器  

摘要： 自9·11以来,生物恐怖作为一种极其危险和具有潜在威胁的恐怖活动逐渐受到人们的重视。近年来,我国政府高度重视反生物恐怖能力建设,本文对生物恐怖和国外现代生物国防的研究进展加以综述,以期对我国现代化国防建设提供参考和启示。

关键词： 兔熱病   土倫病法蘭西斯氏菌  

摘要： 在911事件後，全球即垄罩在恐怖攻击的阴影中。其中以大规模、毁灭性生物武器为手段的恐怖攻击，更是世人心中挥之不去的梦魇。在众多潜在的生物性威胁里，土伦病（tularemia），又名兔热病（rabbitfever），因其高传染力和高致死率的特性，引起了政府和科学界的重视。兔热病是一种由土伦病法兰西斯氏菌（Francisella tularensis; 简称 F. tularensis）所引起的人畜共通感染疾病。临床上已知兔热病可以透过多种方式进行传播，包括带有病菌的节肢动物叮咬、接触受感染动物的屍体、食用受污染的食物和水或摄入带有病菌的悬浮微粒。F. tularensis可分为数个亚种，其中最致命的亚种为盛行於北美的A型土伦病法兰西斯氏菌 （F. tularensis subp. tularensis）。肺炎型土伦病（pneumonic tularemia）为F. tularensis感染时最严重的病徵，其发生原因多为经由直接摄入方式感染土伦病法兰西斯氏菌，或为经其它途径感染所产生的溃疡淋巴腺型土伦病（ulceroglandular tularemia）或伤寒型土伦病（typhoidal tularemia）的继发疾病。鉴於土伦病法兰西斯氏菌在公众健康上的重要性，本文将就土伦病法兰西斯氏菌感染时的临床特徵、实验室诊断和未来展望等方面，进行介绍与讨论。

关键词： CBRN   CBRNE   Chemical Corps  

摘要： National Strategic documents address the need to counter the risks associated with Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The developments and resourcing of these strategies are arguably equally divided across the spectrum of agents associated within the WMD construct. The common agents contained in that construct are the nuclear agents, chemical agents, and biological agents. Further analysis determines that, of these agents, the one that causes the most concern, and represents the greatest threat, is biological. This determination is based on the availability of biological agents to our likeliest foes, and the difficulty in rapidly detecting and accurately identifying the agent. This delay will directly affect the ability to manage contaminated areas, and effectively execute consequence management procedures to mitigate the exposure. A national response must take into account the probable limited nature of an attack, the need to coordinate among informed responders while addressing the possibility of public panic, maintaining a technological lead in sensor development, and ensuring effective cross agency coordination at all levels of government.

关键词： 变种病毒   美国政府   生化武器   禽流感   公共卫生   科学论文   生物武器   日内瓦  

摘要： 2月17日，日内瓦经过两日的闭门会议，22个来自全球的公共卫生官员和病毒学家步出会议室，为首的世卫助理总干事福田敬二博士对等待已久的记者公布了会议的最终决定。一篇科学论文，美国政府先是资助而后阻止其发布，最后须由世卫裁定，这在科学史上是罕见的。这种或许能演变成“生物武器”的高致死性病毒，让每一位参与者的神经都高度紧绷。