关键词： Biological weapons   Treaties   Toxins   Regulatory legislation   Criminal legislation   Chemical weapons   Criminal law  

摘要： Despite thirty years since entry into force of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) the majority of States Parties still have not implemented effective national measures to ensure compliance with Convention obligations. The combined lack of a multilateral organisation with responsibility to monitor Convention compliance and the growing threat of bio-terrorism highlight the imperative for more effective and widespread national implementation measures. This article briefly outlines Convention obligations and suggests alternative approaches to States Parties to ensure compliance. The article does not propose a model implementing legislation package because of the authors' shared view that one model simply cannot suit all States Parties. Individual states will need to consider existing legislative regimes - particularly those dealing with biological materials and activities - to determine the extent to which existing regulatory regimes might be adapted or amended to effectively cover BWC obligations. The authors discuss the explicit Convention obligation for the enactment of penal legislation but also discuss the practical issues to ensure compliance with Convention obligations such as the prohibition on transfers of biological agents and toxins of types and in quantities that have no justification for peaceful purposes and the requirement to gather, collate and share confidence building information with other States Parties. The article concludes with an overview of Australia's national implementation of BWC obligations to illustrate one particular State Party's approach to its treaty obligations.

关键词： 海湾战争   新概念武器   军事   化学武器   毒剂武器   常规武器   常规兵器   核武器   原子武器   生物圈   环境破坏   生态环境   地理环境   炸弹   生物武器  

摘要： 近年来,由局部战争和地区冲突引发的环境保护问题日趋严重,军事行动与环境保护的矛盾已经引起国际社会的普遍关注。战争是生态环境最大的破坏者一方面,战争所造成的环境破坏具有空间上的迁移性。战争破坏所造成的影响远远超出了战争的发生地点。战争所导致的大气污染是地区性乃至全球性的灾难,不仅使局部地区气温反常,影响当地人民的健康,而且能对其他地区乃至全球气候和全人类的生存环境产生不同程度的影响。海湾战争中的油田大火,导致石油燃烧释放的烟雾伴随着战争硝烟卷向天空,影响了亚洲季风,导致了印度和东南亚干旱,农田减产70%以上。海湾战争后,科学考察队在珠穆朗玛峰和南极都发现了海湾战争飘去的灰烬和污染物。另一方面,战争所造成的环境破坏具有时间战争硝烟中嬉戏的伊拉克儿童上的延续性。战争破坏所造成的影响远远超出了战争所发生的那个时间段。一枚炸弹爆炸时排放的高温和有毒物质使土壤变成焦土甚至有害土,要让这些土壤自然恢复到昔日可耕状态往往需要上千年时间。常规军事活动是“环保杀手”常规军事活动对环境造成的破坏范围十分广。比如坦克、装甲车等大型装备在行驶过程中会对地表植被造成严重破坏,甚至造成地表沙漠化。美军在海湾、科索沃和阿富汗战争中都投下了上...

关键词： 生物武器   微生物  

摘要： 自古以来人和人的纷争就从来没有断绝过,甚至从来没有哪一天是真正全球没有冲突的日子。孙子曰兵者诡道也,为了胜利人们曾经无所不用其极,然而在热爱和平的人们压力下, 各国达成诸多妥协,而禁止使用生物武器就是一个共识。生物的种类很多,然而被特指为生物武器的却主要是指一些能够使人患上致命性疾病的微生物。在人类历史上流行过的诸多烈性传染病如:天花、霍乱,鼠疫等等,都是潜在的可以作为

关键词： Russia   security policy   biological weapons   legislation   the biological and toxin weapons convention   BTWC   admissions   denials   decision making   policy shapers  

摘要： Half-heartedly acknowledged by the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union ran the world's largest offensive program for biological weapons, breaching the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Russia criminalized biological weapons in 1993 only to decriminalize them in 1996, but in 2003 president Putin partly recriminalized them. None of these changes were declared within the Convention. Several well-known official statements, when reviewed in their context, turned out to admit to neither an offensive program nor a breach of the Convention. Thus, the Russian biological weapons policy is more ambiguous than usually depicted, and various policy shapers can be discerned.

关键词： 禽流感   烈性传染病   控制   预防   禽流行性感冒   A型流感病毒   呼吸道综合征   生物武器   乙类传染病   甲类传染病  

摘要： 禽流感是禽流行性感冒的简称，主要是指由A型流感病毒H5和H7亚型中具有高致病性毒株所引起的一种禽烈性传染病。它主要表现出禽全身系统中毒症状或严重呼吸道综合征。发病突然，迅速蔓延，发病率和病死率高。禽流感被国际兽疫局定为A类传染病，我国农业部将其列为一类动物疫病，卫生部将其列为按甲类传染病处理的乙类传染病，国际生物武器公约将其列人生物武器名单。

关键词： 大规模杀伤性武器   武器储存   萨达姆   非法入侵   伊拉克   生物武器   联合国  

摘要： 本文原意是为美英入侵伊拉克后未找到大规模杀伤性武器寻找理由，进而粉饰美英未经联合国安理会允许非法入侵伊拉克的行径。但作者所揭示的伊拉克储备“动员能力”的做法发人深省：既然伊拉克可以这样做，美俄等其他国家为何不可以这样做？更何况文中已暗示，伊拉克的做法就是从苏联对于生物武器做法学来的。

关键词： 生物技术   生物武器   生物恐怖   生物安全政策  

摘要： 生物技术像一把双刃剑,它在给人类带来巨大利益的同时,也带来了消极隐患。隐患之一是如果先进的生物技术被恶意缪用或误用,就有可能产生给人类健康和社会发展带来巨大威胁的新的危险病原体。这些病原体有可能被用于发展生物武器和生物恐怖活动。本文简要介绍了近年来生物技术被恶意使用或误用的几个事例,分析了国内外生物技术两用性监控措施的现状和发展态势,提出了进一步加强生物技术监控时应思考的重要问题。

关键词： 生物武器   传染科医师   调查报告  

摘要： 目的比较2002年和2005年部分地方传染科医师对生物武器知识的掌握程度。方法分别于2002年和2005年,两次调查上海、河南两地20所医院传染科医师,以了解他们对生物武器的掌握程度和3年后掌握程度的差异。结果从2002～2005年,地方传染科医师对生物武器知识的掌握情况虽有所提高,但平均成绩、及格率、成绩优秀率均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。结论调查中的传染科医师尚未对潜在的生物武器袭击做好充分准备,应引起有关部门注意。

关键词： BIOLOGICAL weapons   SECRECY   OFFICIAL secrets   BIOLOGICAL warfare  

摘要： Explores the secrecy surrounding the biological warfare programs of various states. Features of the antipersonnel biological program of France in the 1920s; Details of the biological weapons program of Japan; Factors that necessitate the secrecy surrounding biological weapons program.

摘要： Outbreaks of bioweapon diseases could result in the erosion of genetic diversity in domesticated plants and animals, the destruction of traditional human livelihoods, the extirpation of indigenous peoples, and the extinction of endangered wildlife species. If not properly contained and monitored, the extensive research and testing programmes undertaken by the former Soviet Union for the development and weaponization of animal and plant pathogens for potential use as biological weapons could potentially represent a long-term threat to human populations, agricultural production, and biological diversity in Asia. Reports of atypical zoonotic diseases in Kazakhistan and Uzbekistan and other areas of Central Asia should be monitored closely as they could provide indications of potential residual contamination ( or the escape and establishment in the wild) of weaponized or genetically-modified bioweapon disease pathogens.