关键词： 海洋生物   技术分析   发展战略   欧洲   中国  

摘要： 海洋是生物资源的宝库,海洋生物技术是开发和保护海洋生物资源的重要基础。欧、美、日等发达国家十分重视发展海洋生物技术,纷纷制定各自的海洋生物技术发展战略。其中,欧洲2010年发布的"欧洲海洋生物技术发展新的远景与战略"行动报告是迄今为止国际上最新、最全和最详细的区域海洋生物技术发展战略之一。本研究结合这一行动报告,对欧洲海洋生物技术发展现状、优先方向、政策建议等进行了梳理,分析了我国海洋生物技术发展的优势与挑战,提出了我国今后发展海洋生物技术的若干建议。

关键词： 海洋食物链   美国   分布密度   层次控制   海洋生物   影响因素   空间分布   海洋资源  

摘要： 一项新的研究显示，海洋食物链传递的每个环节由海洋生物的营养层次控制，其影响因素并非食物的丰度而是分布密度。生态学家藉此发现了海洋资源空间分布的重要性。对捕食者而言，食物的分布密度远比整体丰富程度重要。该研究发表在最新一期的《英国皇家学会生物学快报》杂志上。

关键词： Arms race   endosymbiosis   evolutionary ecology   exosymbiosis   form and funtion   future ocean   plankton  

摘要： The oceans cover 70% of the planet's surface, and their planktonic inhabitants generate about half the global primary production, thereby playing a key role in modulating planetary climate via the carbon cycle. The ocean biota have been under scientific scrutiny for well over a century, and yet our understanding of the processes driving natural selection in the pelagic environment - the open water inhabited by drifting plankton and free-swimming nekton - is still quite vague. Because of the fundamental differences in the physical environment, pelagic ecosystems function differently from the familiar terrestrial ecosystems of which we are a part. Natural selection creates biodiversity but understanding how this quality control of random mutations operates in the oceans - which traits are selected for under what circumstances and by which environmental factors, whether bottom-up or top-down - is currently a major challenge. Rapid advances in genomics are providing information, particularly in the prokaryotic realm, pertaining not only to the biodiversity inventory but also functional groups. This essay is dedicated to the poorly understood tribes of planktonic protists (unicellular eukaryotes) that feed the ocean's animals and continue to run the elemental cycles of our planet. It is an attempt at developing a conceptually coherent framework to understand the course of evolution by natural selection in the plankton and contrast it with the better-known terrestrial realm. I argue that organism interactions, in particular co-evolution between predators and prey (the arms race), play a central role in driving evolution in the pelagic realm. Understanding the evolutionary forces shaping ocean biota is a prerequisite for harnessing plankton for human purposes and also for protecting the oceanic ecosystems currently under severe stress from anthropogenic pressures.

关键词： microalgae   cyanobacteria   Black Sea   biocidal activity   biotechnology  

摘要： There are no less than 100 producers of toxic and biologically active/biocidal substances among 1100 cyanobacterial and tnicroalgal species in the Black Sea. Our investigations include two aspects: (1) evaluation of ecological and biochemical connections between cyanobacteria and microalgae and herbivorous organisms ("grazers"), and (2) formation of new approaches to the using of hydrobionts and their metabolites in human affairs. Experimental data confirm that biological and ecological constructiveness of mass and active cyanobacteria and microalgae species lays not only in toxic effect. It is complex, multiple and many-sided challenge and a part of co-evolutionary process, which resides very close to allelochemical interactions between plants and herbivorous organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Selectivity of biocidal effect of cyanobacteria and microalgae and high level of their controlled cultivation make possible to create new preparations for pest control.

关键词： 土壤组分   定义   环境影响   鱼类   养鱼业   食品   指南   渔场管理   海洋生物学   海洋污染   监控   观察   污染控制   质量保证   海床   海   水质  

标准号: BS ISO 12878-2012

关键词： 生态文明教育   海洋生物   漏油   事件   墨西哥湾   2010年   环境治理   节约资源  

摘要： 世界海洋漏油事件在过去的二十多年发生了多起。2010年4月20日发生的墨西哥湾外海油污外漏事件，导致至少2500平方公里的海水被石油覆盖着。墨西哥湾漏油事故发生后，漏油事故附近大范围的水质受到污染，不少鱼类、鸟类，海洋生物以至植物都受到严重的影响，如患病及死亡等。 生态文明的建设不仅仅是节约资源或者环境治理，而且是涉及整个社会文明形态的深刻变革。生态文明观念的普及离不开生态文明教育，青少年是全社会生态文明教育的重点。

关键词： 海洋生物   综合实验   实验教学模式  

摘要： 为提高学生在教学过程中主动参与积极性,培养学生的实践创新能力,海洋科学专业在实践性教学环节开设了海洋生物综合实验。针对综合实验教学特点,讨论在实验教学过程中如何改革实验教学模式,以及综合性实验教学过程中教学形式组织和教学效果评定,以期有效地推进综合实验教学模式改革,提高实验教学质量。

关键词： Tropical developing countries   Seaweed farming   Poor working conditions   Health problems   Zanzibar   Euchema denticulatum  

摘要： Seaweed mariculture has been promoted as a development project in tropical countries and Zanzibar, Tanzania, is commonly presented as a successful story. However, the results of the present research provide a nuanced picture of the activity identifying serious health problems among farmers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with female seaweed farmers (n=140) and non-seaweed farmers (n=140) in Zanzibar to evaluate health and working conditions. In-depth interviews with additional 28 female seaweed farmers were performed to deepen the understanding of the working conditions and related problems. The research was undertaken at seven different locations to cover areas where seaweed is extensively executed during August to September 2009 and May to June 2010. Seaweed farmers considered their health significantly poorer than non-seaweed farmers with fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, hunger, respiratory problems, eye related problems, injuries from hazardous animals and sharp shells in the water and allergies as the most serious issues (p<0.05). Income was further reported below the extreme poverty line. Since seaweed farming affects thousands of households in the tropics these results should encourage changes towards better working conditions and sustainability. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 海洋生物   文学作品   语言文字   心灵   蝴蝶   蜜蜂   精灵   大树   生长   鲜花  

摘要： 我们从天庭降生,在大地上生长,一生一世都有一个守候的家园。我们或长成参天大树,或是美丽的精灵草,或是盛开的鲜花,或蜜蜂,或蝴蝶,抑或是海洋生物,但我们永远永远生生世世都绚丽多姿地生存在各自的家园。

关键词： 海洋防污涂料   仿生   海生物   海洋环境   海洋生物   污损   船舶   附着  

摘要： 船舶在海洋中航行，底部非常容易附着各种各样的污损海生物，会带来极大的危害。为了防止海生物的附着污损，一般采用的方法是在船舶底部涂装海洋防污涂料，给轮船穿上一层“防护外衣”。但传统的防污涂料含有防污毒剂，又给海洋环境带来了一定的污染。“面对新的问题，海洋生物给了我们启示，在大海里众多大型生物都是通过非常“友好”的方法来防止污损。”