关键词： 增殖放流   禁渔区   声学技术   海洋牧场   浙江省舟山市   环境影响   海洋生物   数据精确度  

摘要： 海洋生物声学中的被动声学是指通过生物自身发出的声音对其进行探测,具有对海洋生物伤害小、数据精确度高、受环境影响小等优势,在近海渔业资源保护中应用较为广泛。本文以浙江省舟山市为例,分析了被动声学在监测鱼群渔场动态、识别非法捕捞渔船、判断增殖放流时机、确定禁渔期和禁渔区、有效管理海洋牧场、分析鱼类主要生活习性等领域的应用,并提出一些可行性建议,以供有关部门参考。

关键词： 指挥中心   新型病毒   大决战   海洋生物   海底  

摘要： 陆地上的人类正面临着新冠病毒的侵袭,那么海洋中的生物,它们还好吗?海洋中有没有和新冠相像的病毒?今天,我们就深入水下,看看海洋生物与病毒的大决战。守护家园“冲,大家给我不顾一切地往前冲!”在海底的某指挥中心,总司令大白鲨一声令下。这次海底阻击战的敌方,是一种新型病毒,来无影去无踪,躲闪能力极强。

关键词： 联合资助   冷暖变化   国家自然科学基金委员会   地球系统科学   中国科学院   地球深部   地质演化   海洋生物  

摘要： 海洋生物碳泵的地质演化是一个涉及地球系统各圈层相互作用的前沿科学难题,被列入了国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院联合资助的地球系统科学发展战略研究报告.如果说现代海洋生物碳泵的研究目的在于查明海洋储碳的途径和机制并服务于碳中和等目标的话,那么古海洋生物碳泵则更多地记录了它与一些重大地质事件的关系,包括古气候的冷暖变化、海洋缺氧事件、生物大灭绝事件等涉及地球整个表层系统乃至地球深部过程的一些重要环节.

摘要： The standard Gini correlation plays an important role in measuring the dependence between random variables with heavy-tailed distributions. It is based on the covariance between one variable and the rank of the other. Hence, for each pair of random variables, there are two Gini correlations and they are not equal in general, which brings a substantial difficulty in interpretation. We study two symmetric and computationally efficient Gini correlations with the computational complexity of O(nlogn). The properties of the two symmetric Gini correlations are explored. The influence function approach is utilized to study the robustness and the asymptotic behavior of these correlations. The asymptotic relative efficiencies and finite sample efficiencies are explored to compare these symmetric Gini correlations with several popular correlations under elliptical distributions as well as log-normal distributions. Most of the detailed work in this dissertation is directed toward the Pareto distribution due to its usefulness in modelling lifetime data, hydrology, competing risk data, and many other non-negative socio-economic issues. The Kendall tau and Gini correlations are explored in a bivariate Pareto distribution, comparing with the popular Pearson correlation and robust quadrant correlation. It is interesting to establish that a zero value in each of these correlations mutually imply independence in this family. The variance of the asymptotic normality for each sample correlation is derived via the influence function approach. When the second moment is finite, we demonstrate that the symmetric Gini correlation is asymptotically efficient as well as relatively efficient among finite samples. However, Kendall tau is more appealing in terms of compromising efficiency and robustness. Real data application is conducted to demonstrate the desirable performance of the two symmetric Gini correlations in this bivariate Pareto distribution.

摘要： Many natural populations have a dispersal that is biased in one direction (asymmetric dispersal), due to physical factors in the environment such as currents in the ocean that transport larvae or winds that carry seeds. These physical factors create a preferred direction for offspring to be carried (the "downstream" direction). When there is asymmetric dispersal there are two parameters that define the dispersal distance, the mean downstream distance, and the standard deviation of dispersal distances. This present research analyzes the effects of the mean downstream dispersal distance and standard deviation of dispersal on the genetic diversity and gene flow of a population as well as generating new statistical techniques to quantify dispersal from genetic distances. In chapter 2, the effects of asymmetric dispersal on a population are analyzed by deriving equations for the time and location of the most recent common ancestor. These equations are dependent on the mean downstream distance and the standard deviation. The equations are verified using a numeric simulation of a population with asymmetric dispersal. These equations show that the average location of the most recent common ancestor is in the upstream edge of the habitat and the average time to the most recent common ancestor is decreased when there is asymmetric dispersal. In chapter 3, existing genetic techniques that use isolation by distance to estimate dispersal distance are analyzed and shown to fail at estimating both parameters of dispersal when the dispersal is asymmetric. In chapter 4 a new statistical technique is developed that relies on sampling the alleles of a population both spatially and temporally. Equations for the mean and standard deviation of genetic distances in time are derived and used in an approximate Bayesian computation rejection algorithm to estimate the mean downstream distance and the standard deviation. The robustness of the estimation is verified for increasing population si

关键词： 水生动物   海洋生物  

ISBN: (纸本)9787115563514

摘要： 本书收录了我国沿海常见的100种海洋生物，具体包括61种鱼类、11种节肢动物、22种软体动物以及6种其他类群的生物，介绍了这些物种的分类地位、形态特征、分布范围、生态习性、受保护情况、经济价值等内容，展示了这些海洋生物的形体特征。

关键词： 国家管辖范围以外区域   划区管理工具   海洋生物多样性   机制安排  

摘要： 20世纪以来国际社会的海洋保护意识逐渐增强。2015年联合国大会做出正式决议，决定就国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用拟定一份新的国际文书。包括海洋保护区在内的划区管理工具被列为新文书制定所需要重点讨论的“一揽子事项”之一。本文立足于讨论新文书制定的筹备委员会会议和政府间会议，就划区管理工具的内涵、特征、发展历程以及机制安排争议四个方面进行介绍与研究。

关键词： 國家管轄範圍以外區域   海洋遺傳資源   環境影響評估   海洋保護區   國際法律約束力文書  

摘要： 国家管辖范围以外地区的海洋生物多样性，确定了国家管辖范围以外地区谈判中的主要问题，并研究了国家管辖范围以外地区海洋生物多样性的保护和永续利用。该文件旨在分析海洋遗传资源的获取和利益分享；环境影响评估以及能力建设和技术转让。还探讨了交叉主题，包括对现有法律架构和文书的潜在影响。本文对最终草案文本进行了初步分析，聚焦於有关「包裹交易」要件（第一至六部分）的一般规定、制度安排和实质性规定。分析着重指出关於谈判进展或争论的关键领域，确认一些强化文本的可能选项。第2部分首先探讨了一般规定和制度安排，而第3部分则探究了各国正在达成共识的文本选项，以及与包裹交易要件有关的任何未决问题。第4部分提供了一些结论性意见。

关键词： 生物演化   扁平状   澄江生物群   化石记录   无脊椎动物   腕足动物   海洋生物   指数级  

摘要： 5.2亿年前,曾经一片寂静的地球上,生物的种类和数量突然呈爆发式增长,在不到2000万年的时间跨度中,绝大多数无脊椎动物,如节肢动物、软体动物、腕足动物和环节动物等告别了单一化,种类渐渐丰富起来,数量也呈指数级增加。这个被称为“寒武纪生命大爆发”的全球性生物演化事件,在我国的云南“澄江生物群”、贵州“凯里生物群”及加拿大的“布尔吉斯生物群”的化石记录中都得到了有力的证实。其中,有一类满身硬壳、身体呈扁平状的海洋生物也在这一时期横空出世,并且作为当时地球上发展最快的类群,在短时间内就一举登上了寒武纪海洋霸主的地位,它就是大名鼎鼎的“三叶虫”。