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关键词： clinical trials   duplicate publication   publication bias   publications   randomised controlled trials   research ethics  

摘要： The medical literature is distorted by publication bias, duplicate publication and under-reporting of clinical trials. This can create problems in systematic reviews and meta-analysis which are increasingly used as the basis for evidence-based guidelines and therefore for treatment decisions. Various schemes for identifying trials and their associated publications are reviewed. These include trial registers and trial numbering systems. The inclusion of trial identifiers in all publications could greatly enhance the value of the medical literature and increase the robustness of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

关键词： ATLAS   标识符   声明语句   程序转换   文本文件   函数调用  

摘要： ATLAS (Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems)是一个面向测试的通用语言，这个语言用于描述通常与任何具体测试系统无关的测试过程，并确保可以在自动测试系统ATE(automatic test equipment)上实现[1]。ATLAS语言因其可扩展性、易用性及设备无关性，被广泛应用于军事、工业等领域。 整个ATLAS项目的任务是实现ATLAS语言。整个项目分为三期完成。第一期的工作是完成ATLAS语言的词法分析和语法分析；第二期的工作是进行尽可能多的语义检查，并把ATLAS程序转换成在功能上完全等价的C语言程序；第三期的工作是对转换后的C语言程序进行优化，使其在可读性、可理解性、时间效率和空间效率上都达到比较满意的结果。 作为整个ATLAS项目第二期的一部分，本文完成了ATLAS语言的常规语言部分到C语言的转换。本文的工作主要包括以下几个方面的工作： 一、ATLAS的声明部分到C语言的转换。ATLAS的声明部分包括常量声明语句、类型声明语句和变量声明语句。它们可以分别转换成C语言中对应的常量声明语句、类型声明语句和变量声明语句。 二、ATLAS的过程相关语句到C语言的转换。ATLAS和过程相关的语句有三种：过程结构体定义、过程调用语句PERFORM、跳出过程语句LEAVE procedure。过程结构体定义执行某一功能的ATLAS语句序列。过程调用语句PERFORM调用已定义的过程来完成需要的任务。使用过程跳出语句LEAVE procedure可以在过程正常结束之前跳出过程。ATLAS的过程声明转换成C语言中的返回类型为void的函数声明。LEAVE procedure语句转换成C语言的从函数中返回的return语句。PERFORM语句转换成C语言的函数调用。 三、ATLAS的数据处理语句到C语言的转换。ATLAS数据处理语句包括CALCULATE语句和COMPARE语句。CALCULATE语句提供进行计算的能力，可以是一条赋值语句，也可以是赋值语句序列。COMPARE语句通过把测试值与规定的极限值进行比较，设置GO，NOGO，HI，LO等标志状态字表示 测试结果，以供在后续的测试过程进行使用。CALCULATE语句转换为C语言中的赋值或者赋值序列；C语言中没有直接的比较语句，故COMPARE语句在转换时用C语言的IF语句模拟。 四、ATLAS的过程控制语句到C语言的转换。ATLAS过程控制语句决定程序的执行顺序，包含IF语句、WHILE语句、FOR语句、LEAVE IF语句、LEAVE WHILE语句、LEAVE FOR语句和GOTO语句。条件语句IF，循环语句WHILE和FOR以及无条件跳转语句GOTO的用法与C语言中的对应语句基本相同，转换时也可以直接对应。LEAVE IF语句、LEAVE WHILE语句、LEAVE FOR语句分别是从IF语句、WHILE语句、FOR语句中跳出，控制转向跳出的结构之后的第一个可执行语句。根据具体语义的不同将它们转换成C语言的break语句或者GOTO语句。 五、ATLAS的输入输出语句到C语言的转换。 ATLAS输入输出语句的功能是为程序传入或传出数据。包括4类语句：ENABLE FILE ACCESS语句、DISABLE FILE ACCESS语句、INPUT语句、和OUTPUT语句。 ENABLE FILE ACCESS语句将一个文件变量和一个实际的文件建立联系，以便以后进行访问。DISABLE FILE ACCESS语句断开由ENABLE FILE ACCESS语句指定的文件变量与实际文件的联系，因而释放文件变量，以便以后使用。 INPUT语句根据输入文件的种类不同分为4类：第一类从一个已知类型的数据项组成的文件读入数据，传输单位是一个已知类型的数据项；第二类从文本文件输入数据，也可以从系统所属的标准输入设备上进行文本输入，传输单位是字符；第三类从未知文件输入数据，以位为单位进行传输；第四类对通过INPUT语句对条件量GO和NOGO进行设置。 OUTPUT语句根据写出文件的种类不同分为三类：第一类将表达式的值写入已知类型数据构成的文件中，传输单位是一个已知类型的数据项；第二类向文本文件输出数据，也可一向系统所属的标准输出设备进行文本输出，传输单位是字符；第三类是向未知文件输出数据，以位为单位进行传输。 将ATLAS的输入输出语句转换成C语言的输入输出语句。ENABL

关键词： 标识符记录   智能资产   保护权利   维修   数据交换   名称与符号   应用   定义   定义   管理   识别   含量   多媒体   保护(装置)   录音   计算机   法律   程序   音乐产业   利用   传播行业   出版   艺术   宣传   录音媒体   描述符   文学   表示(法)   音乐   交付   信息模式   娱乐电子学   版权   著作权  

标准号: ISO/TR 21449-2004

摘要： The business and information architectures outlined in this Technical Report are designed specifically to assistorganizations involved in the development and administration of identification and description schemas forintellectual content and products in understanding the relationships between their organizations and othercontent industry players involved in production, distribution, and rights management. This Technical Reportdoes not preclude the possibility of other perspectives on the same environments or other business andinformation architectures designed to serve other *** functional requirements for identifiers and descriptors set out in this Technical Report are centred onintra- and inter-industry business transactions relating to production, distribution, and rights management inthe content industries (i.e., the music, film, video, sound recording and publishing industries).The information model presented in this Technical Report is focussed specifically on the requirements of theoriginators, producers, distributors, registration authorities, and rights administrators involved in thedevelopment and delivery of intellectual and artistic content. It does not reflect business functions such asmarketing and archiving, nor does it directly reflect transactions between secondary service providers such aslibraries, archives and museums.

关键词： 数字数据   印刷   定义   高宽比   数据格式   彩色印刷   成像   信息交流   TIFF   数据交换   印刷业   标识符   数据输出  

标准号: ISO 12639-2004

摘要： This International Standard specifies a media-independent means for prepress electronic data exchangeusing a tag image file format. This International Standard defines image file formats for encoding colourcontinuous-tone picture images, colour line-art images, high-resolution continuous-tone images, monochromecontinuous-tone picture images, binary picture images, binary line-art images, screened data, and images ofcomposite final pages.

关键词： 实木地板   木材   标识符  

关键词： 地理学   大地测量学   信息处理   信息   坐标系   基准点   几何   坐标系(地理)   地理信息   定义   参考质量  

标准号: BS ISO 19112-2003

摘要： ISO 19912:2003 defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is not addressed in this document; however, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is *** 19912:2003 assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. It is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.

关键词： 控制器局域网络   应用层   标识符   数据帧   计算机监控   CAN总线  

摘要： 控制器局域网络(CAN)是一种支持分布式实时控制的串行通信协议,并且具有很高的安全性能。在一个系统或者子系统中,控制器局域网络(CAN)不仅适合于智能设备的联网,而且也适合于传感器和传动装置的联网。本文介绍了CAN总线的特点及协议,给出了基于CAN总线的控制系统的总体结构,同时详细介绍了一种计算机监控节点的设计方法。

关键词： SMART cards   DATA protection   COMPUTER storage devices   EXPANSION boards (Microcomputers)   COMPUTER security   RIGHT of privacy  

摘要： This article, consisting of three parts, will comment on how the opportunities offered by multi-application smart card schemes can be reconciled with data protection requirements. In the first part, the focus will be on the regulatory framework of the smart card manufacturer and the legal requirements to develop less privacy-killing technologies. Hereafter, some technical solutions will be proposed to demonstrate that multi-application smart card technology can be reconciled with the principles of personal data protection legislation. In the third and final part, the communication of personal data through electronic communications networks will be analysed. In relation hereto, it must be indicated that intelligent servers will become increasingly important to assure the interoperability between different application providers and different smart card schemes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

关键词： 通信标识符   UCI   残疾人   儿童   老人   通信改善  

标准号: ETSI TR 103 073-2003

关键词： Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease   hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy   reactions   polymerase chain SYBR Green  

摘要： Mutations and altered gene dosage of the peripheral myelin protein (PMP22) gene in chromosome 17p11.2-12 are the main causes for hereditary neuropathies, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. Patients with duplication of the PMP22 develop Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 A (CMT1A) and deletion of one PMP22 allele leads to hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). Twenty patients with CMT1A, 17 patients with HNPP, and 18 normal family members and 28 normal controls were studied by real-time quantitative PCR using SYBR Green I on the ABI 7700 Sequence Detection System. The copy number of the PMP22 gene was determined by the comparative threshold cycle method and the albumin was used as a reference gene. The PMP22 duplication ratio ranged from 1.45 to 2.06 and the PMP22 deletion ratio ranged from 0.42 to 0.64. The PMP22 ratio in normal controls, including normal family members, ranged from 0.85 to 1.26. No overlap was found between patients with CMT1A or patients with HNPP and normal controls. This method is fast, highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible in detecting PMP22 duplication and deletion in CMT1A and HNPP patients, respectively.