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关键词： 数据库   事实型   护理/标准   语义学   科学术语(主题)   词表   受控  

摘要： Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the adequacy of the Clinical LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes) semantic structure as a terminology model for standardized assessment measures. Methods: After extension of the definitions, 1,096 items from 35 standardized assessment instruments were dissected into the elements of the Clinical LOINC semantic structure. An additional coder dissected at least one randomly selected item from each instrument. When multiple scale types occurred in a single instrument, a second coder dissected one randomly selected item representative of each scale type. Results: The results support the adequacy of the Clinical LOINC semantic structure as a terminology model for standardized assessments. Using the revised definitions, the coders were able to dissect into the elements of Clinical LOINC all the standardized assessment items in the sample instruments. Percentage agreement for each element was as follows: component, 100 percent;property, 87.8 percent;timing, 82.9 percent;system/sample, 100 percent;scale, 92.6 percent;and method, 97.6 percent. Discussion: This evaluation was an initial step toward the representation of standardized assessment items in a manner that facilitates data sharing and re-use. Further clarification of the definitions, especially those related to time and property, is required to improve inter-rater reliability and to harmonize the representations with similar items already in LOINC.

关键词： 代码表示   数据采集   规范   数据介质   定义   数据处理   信息技术   数据格式   自动   识别   编码(数据转换)   数据表示   符号   信息交换  

标准号: BS ISO/IEC 15424-2000

摘要： This International Standard applies to automatic identification device communication conventions and standardizes the reporting of data carriers from bar code readers and other automatic identification equipment. It specifies a preamble message generated by the reader and interpretable by the receiving system, which indicates the bar code symbology or other origin of transmitted data, together with details of certain specified optional processing features associated with the data message.

关键词： functional MR imaging   novelty index   kurtosis   negentropy   1-lag autocorrelation   "white" noise   temporal structure  

摘要： In a systematic study of hybrid MR time-series with simulated "activation" (contrast-to-noise range 1-10) we investigated the power and compared the ability of the "novelty indices" (NI) kurtosis, negentropy, and 1-lag autocorrelation, to discriminate between potentially interesting ("structured") and uninteresting ("noisy") tirne-courses (TCs). NIs may he employed as preprocessing tools to focus only on the interesting TCs prior to any further exploratory or confirmatory approach. (C) 2000 Elsevier science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 查询处理   查询优化   记录标识符   数据库   算法  

摘要： 给出了一种通过记录标识符的运算实现数据库查询处理的算法，讨论了有关的查询优化技术和算法特点．

关键词： domain name system (DNS)   Internet protocol (IP)   Internet governance   transmission control protocol/internet   protocol (TCP/IP)   information goods  

摘要： Identifiers on electronic networks such as telephone numbers, domain names, IF-addresses and e-mail addresses are not only necessary components of information and communication technology (ICT) applications, but they have also become a new kind of information good that can be traded separately. Identifiers on electronic networks cannot be treated with standard information goods theory;they have very different economic and technical characteristics. The main characteristics are excludability, network externalities and the lack of scale advantages in the daily operations of an identifier system. The excludability of identifiers has brought extensive public debate on ownership questions, especially for mnemonic identifiers that resemble trademark names. Network externality effects and the technical remedies to reduce operational scaling disadvantages as much as possible, have resulted in the appearance of centralised co-ordination or monopolistic control of identifier systems and as a consequence a series of governance questions. A survey on various existing identifier systems is presented after an introduction on the economic and technical characteristics of identifiers. The survey shows a large variety of institutional arrangements and market structures for assigning identifiers on electronic networks. Data analysis of Domain Name registration statistics show substantial effects of policy reform on the growth in registered Domain Names. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Citations   Cross References  

摘要： This document discusses the role of 'actionable' identifiers such as the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in enabling scholarly citations in a digital environment. Citation is a subset of the general wider concept of linkage, but an interesting one for two reasons: it is a practical example being worked on today, and it demonstrates that linkage only between digital entities is insufficient for scholarly citation. It also Points the way to future extensions of the concept of linkage, with, new uses being made of internet resources, and tools which can support these new patterns of citation.

关键词： minimal   projection   Boolean sum   blending-type  

摘要： In this paper, useful characterization theorems are presented for minimal Boolean sum and blending-type projections and extensions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 数字用户   信令系统   与承载无关呼叫控制   通用标识符   传送扩展  

标准号: ITU-T Q.2941.3 FRENCH-2000

关键词： 数字用户   信令系统   通用标识符   运输扩展   承载无关呼叫控制  

标准号: ITU-T Q.2941.3 SPANISH-2000