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关键词： 数字信息   2009年   中华医学会   标注   杂志   出版物   国际标准   条形码  

摘要： 数字对象惟一标识符（digitalobjectidentifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息所标注的DOI如同出版物的条形码，是一个永久和惟一的标识号。

关键词： 数字对象唯一标识符   DOI  

摘要： 数字对象唯一标识符（digital object identifier,DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中,书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码,作为出版物的唯一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理,便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。

关键词： 数字信息   管理学   发表论文   杂志   健康   中华   object   管理系统  

摘要： 数字对象标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具，是一个可供全球期刊快速链接的管理系统，整个系统由国际DOI基金会（IDF）进行全球分布式管理。

关键词： 标识符   DOI   文献   Object   数字对象   国际标准   永久性   英文  

摘要： DOI,即数字对象唯一标识,为英文Digital Object Identification的缩写。根据国际标准ISO26324里的解释,它的意思是＂一个对象的数字标识符＂。这个标识符具有唯一性、永久性的特点。

关键词： 引用   指针   &运算   *运算  

摘要： C＋＋语言中的引用概念与＆和＊运算是几个相关的概念。如何用简明、准确的语言讲解引用概念和相关的运算,让学习者容易理解记忆,我们一直在探讨。本文用例题和实验来验证有关概念,讲清楚这些概念的关系。

关键词： 数字信息   分布式管理   数字对象   条形码   标识代码   网址   标识符   互联网信息  

摘要： DOI是数字对象唯--标识符(digital object identifier),是发表或出版的数字信息的标识代码。整个DOI系统是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具,由国际DOI基金会(IDF)进行全球分布式管理。在传统的出版物中,国际标准编号(***、ISCN)及其条形码,作为书刊、磁带、光盘等出版物的唯一标识,使出版物得到有效的管理,便于读者查找和利用;然而,该系统对新媒体的网上文档等数字信息来说,却无法识别,一旦相关信息变更了网址便无从追索。

关键词： 患者隐私   大数据时代   标识符  

摘要： 隐私在1948年联合国大会的＂世界人权宣言＂中被定义为基本人权。然而,关于什么是隐私仍然没有达成共识。HIPAA法案的隐私法则对监管框架进行了界定,并在保护措施和获得用于研究的健康信息的权限之间达成平衡,规定了健康信息受法律保护的条件以及受保护的健康信息如何被去除标识以供二次使用。随着人工智能和计算语言学的发展,文本去标识算法产生的结果几乎与人类得出的去标识结果一样好。

关键词： influenza   next generation sequencing   unique molecular identifiers   virus evolution   immune selection   immune pressure   bottleneck effect   vaccine  

摘要： To overcome yearly efforts and costs for the production of seasonal influenza vaccines, new approaches for the induction of broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses have been developed in the past decade. To warrant safety and efficacy of the emerging crossreactive vaccine candidates, it is critical to understand the evolution of influenza viruses in response to these new immune pressures. Here we applied unique molecular identifiers in next generation sequencing to analyze the evolution of influenza quasispecies under in vivo antibody pressure targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) long alpha helix (LAH). Our vaccine targeting LAH of hemagglutinin elicited significant seroconversion and protection against homologous and heterologous influenza virus strains in mice. The vaccine not only significantly reduced lung viral titers, but also induced a well-known bottleneck effect by decreasing virus diversity. In contrast to the classical bottleneck effect, here we showed a significant increase in the frequency of viruses with amino acid sequences identical to that of vaccine targeting LAH domain. No escape mutant emerged after vaccination. These results not only support the potential of a universal influenza vaccine targeting the conserved LAH domains, but also clearly demonstrate that the well-established bottleneck effect on viral quasispecies evolution does not necessarily generate escape mutants.

关键词： National health identifiers   resource limited countries   health-information systems   confidentiality security personal health information   person-centred care  

摘要： Many resource-limited countries are scaling up health services and health-information systems (HISs). The HIV Cascade framework aims to link treatment services and programs to improve outcomes and impact. It has been adapted to HIV prevention services, other infectious and non-communicable diseases, and programs for specific populations. Where successful, it links the use of health services by individuals across different disease categories, time and space. This allows for the development of longitudinal health records for individuals and de-identified individual level information is used to monitor and evaluate the use, cost, outcome and impact of health services. Contemporary digital technology enables countries to develop and implement integrated HIS to support person centred services, a major aim of the Sustainable Development Goals. The key to link the diverse sources of information together is a national health identifier (NHID). In a country with robust civil protections, this should be given at birth, be unique to the individual, linked to vital registration services and recorded every time that an individual uses health services anywhere in the country: it is more than just a number as it is part of a wider system. Many countries would benefit from practical guidance on developing and implementing NHIDs. Organizations such as ASTM and ISO, describe the technical requirements for the NHID system, but few countries have received little practical guidance. A WHO/UNAIDS stake-holders workshop was held in Geneva, Switzerland in July 2016, to provide a 'road map' for countries and included policy-makers, information and healthcare professionals, and members of civil society. As part of any NHID system, countries need to strengthen and secure the protection of personal health information. While often the technology is available, the solution is not just technical. It requires political will and collaboration among all stakeholders to be successful.

关键词： 数字信息   标注   object   出版物   国际标准   条形码   互联网  

摘要： 数字对象唯一标识符（digital object identifier,DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中,书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码,作为出版物的唯一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理,便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息标注DOI如同出版物的条形码,是一个永久和唯一的标识号。