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关键词： Research Article  

摘要： Indexing individual template molecules with a unique identifier (UID) before PCR and deep sequencing is promising for detecting low frequency mutations, as true mutations could be distinguished from PCR errors or sequencing errors based on consensus among reads sharing same index. In an effort to develop a robust assay to detect from urine low-abundant bladder cancer cells carrying well-documented mutations, we have tested the idea first on a set of mock templates, with wild type and known mutants mixed at defined ratios. We have measured the combined error rate for PCR and Illumina sequencing at each nucleotide position of three exons, and demonstrated the power of a UID in distinguishing and correcting errors. In addition, we have demonstrated that PCR sampling bias, rather than PCR errors, challenges the UID-deep sequencing method in faithfully detecting low frequency mutation.

关键词： 数字信息   中华医学会   标注   杂志   object   出版物   国际标准   学术信息  

摘要： 数字对象唯一标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的唯一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息标注DOI如同出版物的条形码，是一个永久和唯一的标识号。随着时间推移，数字对象的某些有关信息可能会有变化（包括存储的物理位置），而DOI可让使用者直接由此链接到出版商的数据库、文献、摘要甚至是全文，识别码可以直接指引到出版物的本身，使国内外各种来源、不同物理地址的各种类型的学术信息实现互链互通。

关键词： 代码相似度   标识符   属性计数法   向量  

摘要： 每段程序代码中的标识符,包含了不同程序部件的名字属性信息,是程序代码中不可或缺的重要元素,为程序代码相似度检测提供了重要分析依据。该文通过提取程序代码中所有的标识符,并对其进行分类,获得程序代码的基础数据,将其中的属性信息映射到特征向量中,然后用改进的向量距离算法计算标识符相似度结果。实验证明,该文所述方法比传统的属性计数法能更有效快速地检测出标识符相似的代码。

关键词： 数字信息   标注   object   出版物   国际标准   互联网   条形码  

摘要： 数字对象唯一标识符（digital object identifier,DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中,书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码,作为出版物的唯一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理,便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。

关键词： 数字信息   2009年   中华医学会   标注   杂志   出版物   国际标准   条形码  

摘要： 数字对象唯一标识符（digitalobjectidentifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的唯一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息所标注的DOI如同出版物的条形码，是一个永久和唯一的标识号。随着时间推移，数字对象的某些有关信息可能会有变化（包括存储的物理位置），而DOI可让使用者直接由此链接到出版商的数据库、文献、摘要甚至是全文，识别码可以直接指引到出版物的本身。

关键词： Nomenclature   Database   STR   Forensic loci   MPS   NGS  

摘要： It is difficult to predict if and when massively parallel sequencing of forensic STR loci will replace capillary electrophoresis as the new standard technology in forensic genetics. The main benefits of sequencing are increased multiplexing scales and SNP detection. There is not yet a consensus on how sequenced profiles should be reported. We present the Forensic Loci Allele Database (FLAD) service, made freely available on http://***/FLAD/. It offers permanent identifiers for sequenced forensic alleles (STR or SNP) and their microvariants for use in forensic allele nomenclature. Analogous to Genbank, its aim is to provide permanent identifiers for forensically relevant allele sequences. Researchers that are developing forensic sequencing kits or are performing population studies, can register on http://***/FLAD/ and add loci and allele sequences with a short and simple application interface (API). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biometric recognition systems   Fingernail   Non-critical application   Transient biometric characteristics   Biometric access control   Feature extraction   Image segmentation  

摘要： The significant advantages that biometric recognition technologies offer are in danger of being left aside in everyday life due to concerns over the misuse of such data. The biometric data employed so far focuses on the permanence of the characteristics involved. A concept known as 'the right to be forgotten' is gaining momentum in international law and this should further hamper the adoption of permanent biometric recognition technologies. However, a multitude of common applications are short-term and, therefore, non-permanent biometric characteristics would suffice for them. In this paper we discuss 'transient biometrics,' i.e. recognition via biometric characteristics that will change in the short term and show that images of the fingernail plate can be used as a transient biometric with a useful life-span of less than 6 months. A direct approach is proposed that requires no training and a relevant evaluation dataset is made publicly available.

关键词： electronic health records   electronic medical records   medical records   patient identifiers   universal patient identifiers   voluntary patient identifiers  

摘要： Many patients have a primary care physician and an assortment of specialists they might see regularly or even just once. Patients' use of multiple clinicians and clinical organizations increases the need to share health information among providers to reduce the probability of medical errors, improve quality in general, and eliminate unnecessary costs. An obstacle to sharing records is the absence of a common identifier used by all of a patient's providers. This article draws lessons from a demonstration that tested a method to create unique person-specific identification numbers that can increase the probability that patient medical records can be linked.

关键词： bioinformatics   microbiome   metagenome   metabolome   transcriptome   genomes  

摘要： The number of samples in high-throughput comparative "omics" studies is increasing rapidly due to declining experimental costs. To keep sample data and metadata manageable and to ensure the integrity of scientific results as the scale of these projects continues to increase, it is essential that we transition to better-designed sample identifiers. Ideally, sample identifiers should be globally unique across projects, project teams, and institutions;short (to facilitate manual transcription);correctable with respect to common types of transcription errors;opaque, meaning that they do not contain information about the samples;and compatible with existing standards. We present cual-id, a lightweight command line tool that creates, or mints, sample identifiers that meet these criteria without reliance on centralized infrastructure. cual-id allows users to assign universally unique identifiers, or UUIDs, that are globally unique to their samples. UUIDs are too long to be conveniently written on sampling materials, such as swabs or microcentrifuge tubes, however, so cual-id additionally generates human-friendly 4- to 12-character identifiers that map to their UUIDs and are unique within a project. By convention, we use "cual-id" to refer to the software, "CualID" to refer to the short, human-friendly identifiers, and "UUID" to refer to the globally unique identifiers. CualIDs are used by humans when they manually write or enter identifiers, while the longer UUIDs are used by computers to unambiguously reference a sample. Finally, cual-id optionally generates printable label sticker sheets containing Code 128 bar codes and CualIDs for labeling of sample collection and processing materials. IMPORTANCE The adoption of identifiers that are globally unique, correctable, and easily handwritten or manually entered into a computer will be a major step forward for sample tracking in comparative omics studies. As the fields transition to more-centralized sample management, for exam

标准号: AS/NZS ISO 15511-2016