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关键词： 国际贸易   环保意识   环境因素   竞争力   中国  

关键词： 国际贸易   环境成本   内在化   产权明晰   可交易许可证制度  

摘要： 当今 ,环境问题已经成为当代国际贸易中的重大议题之一 ,环境成本内在化作为解决环境问题的方法 ,其重要性和有效性已经得到了广泛的认同。但环境问题的深层原因、环境成本内在化将给国际贸易带来怎样的影响和变化、如何实现环境成本内在化。

关键词： INTERNATIONAL trade   TRADE regulation   POLLUTION   ENVIRONMENTAL health   DEVELOPING countries  

摘要： In this article, it is shown that if a country specializes in the production of dirty goods it does not necessarily become dirtier as the pollution haven hypothesis predicts. A trade equilibrium is constructed where a rich country specializes in the production of the clean good and a poor country specializes in the production of the dirty good and both countries become cleaner after the gains from trade are internalized. The result casts serious doubts about the effectiveness of using trade restrictions to improve the environmental conditions of developing countries as some environmental groups have proposed. In this particular case, the use of restrictions is counterproductive not only for the poor country but also for the rich country. © 2000 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： environmental regulation   international competitiveness   trade and the environment  

摘要： This paper examines empirically whether more stringent domestic environmental policies reduce the international competitiveness of environmentally sensitive goods (ESGs). Our time series evidence indicates that there are no systematic changes in trade patterns of ESGs in the last three decades, despite the introduction of more stringent environmental regulations in most of the developed countries in the 1970s and 1980s. This observed phenomenon is then subjected to a multi-country econometric test using an extended gravity-equation framework. The test suggests that, overall, more stringent environmental regulations do not reduce total exports, exports of ESGs and exports of non-resource-based ESGs. Neither was there any evidence to support the hypothesis that new trade barriers emerge to offset the effects of more stringent environmental regulations.

关键词： WTO   透明度原则   贸易政策   国际贸易环境   贸易协定   歧视待遇   经济学   公开行政   执行   二战后  

摘要： WTO的透明度原则产生于人们对二战后各国贸易政策做法的反思和总结。透明度原则的提出不仅是历史的必然 ,而且有着经济学和哲学等方面的理论基础。实行贸易政策的透明度是防止和消除成员方政府的不公开行政管理造成的歧视待遇和由此给国际贸易带来的障碍 ,监督执行各项贸易协定 ,建立公开。

关键词： environmental policy   product standards   international policy cooperation   intra-industry trade   monopolistic competition  

摘要： This paper examines the performance of non-cooperative environmental policy in the case of local consumption externalities. In a two-country model with monopolistic competiton, governments simultaneously impose environmental product standards. Stricter regulations force the industrial sector to shift resources from non-environmental to environmental R&D. Since the R&D allocation in each country depends on the domestic as well as foreign policy, local decisions affect the economic and ecological system in the other region. Despite the arising spillovers, the payoff dominant equilibria of the countries' game are efficient. This result requires similar but not identical preferences and technologies in both countries. It holds even if the regions differ in market size. Under certain conditions, the non-cooperative solutions remain efficient in the case of global pollution.

关键词： environmental taxes   international trade   Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model  

摘要： This paper is a response to Ropke's (1994) question whether environmental taxes increase or decrease the volume of international trade. Using a three-country Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model, it is shown that the effect can be in either direction. In the absence of pollution haven and three-country effects that reverse natural comparative advantage, environmental taxes decrease (increase) the volume of trade between any two countries when the tax is larger in the country that exports (imports) the pollutive good. The environmental tax can also generate strong trade effects between two of the countries, changing production costs and thereby reversing the expected tax effect on a third country. The effects on trade are likely to be smaller when comparable pollution damage is global rather than local. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 国际贸易   环境贸易壁垒   环境保护  

摘要： 该文以如何在环境保护的态势下发展国际贸易的研究主题,对中国在环境保护的前提下对外贸易的发展现状及所存在的问题进行分析研究.从宏观角度通过对环境贸易壁垒的分析入手,对环境贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响特别是对中国国际贸易的影响进行了详尽的分析,并在此基础上提出了今后中国在国际环境贸易壁垒的影响下应该采取的对策.该文尽力通过对国际贸易与环境保护的研究,为中国发展对外贸易、制定方针、政策提供理论依据,从而推动中国国际贸易的发展.

关键词： WTO   浙江   烟草业   国际贸易环境   产业结构调  

摘要： 加入WTO,权利和义务是对等的,在享受世界经济一体化带来好处的同时,我们也必须开放市场,经受国内外经济落差冲击所带来的阵痛。作为我国国民经济重要组成部分的烟草行业,也同样面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。 (一)国内卷烟市场,特别是高档卷烟市场将受到严重冲击。“入世”后,我们要承担削减关税和逐步取消进口许可证等非关税贸易壁垒的义务,进口卷烟高税壁垒将被逐步冲破。目前,我国进口卷烟的综合税率是218.24％,其中关税是36％。如万宝路的到岸价是26.1元/条,加上各种税后达到83元/条。

关键词： 国际贸易环境壁垒   发展中国家   对策  

摘要： 一、环境壁垒产生的背景 环境壁垒是指某些国家以保护生态环境、自然资源和人类健康为借口,对来自他国的产品设置贸易障碍,以防止和抑制他国产品进口对本国市场的冲击而实施的一种贸易壁垒,又称绿色壁垒。 环境壁垒的产生和发展,具有以下几方面的背景: (一)社会与公众绿色价值观的形成 战后,许多国家致力于高速发展经济,把经济增长作为首要发展目标,实现了国民经济的持续增长。但是经济增长对自然资源需求的无限性与自然资源的有限性存在着根本的矛盾。伴随着持续的经济增长,导致了一系列严重的资源与环境问题的出现,诸如酸雨现象、空气污染,温室效应,有害危险废物的排放等等。60年代以来,重大环境灾难时有发生,如日本的“