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关键词： Environmental protection  

摘要： Policy makers, industrialists and environmentalists express concern that the imposition of tough environmental policies in some countries displaces production, and hence pollution, to countries which impose less tough environmental policies. Yet empirical studies of such impacts suggest they are small. However, these findings are derived from models in which international trade is modelled as being perfectly competitive. In this paper I model trade as imperfectly competitive with scope for strategic behavior by producers, in this case investment in capital. I show that the choice of environmental policy instrument can have a marked impact on the incentives for producers to act strategically, with environmental standards significantly reducing the incentives for strategic overinvestment relative to environmental taxes or no environmental policy at all. Whether welfare is higher using standards or taxes depends on whether producing countries are also significant consumers of the polluting product, and on whether all producing governments act to reduce emissions or only some subset of governments. To assess the quantitative significance of these theoretical results I conduct policy simulations on a calibrated model of the world fertilizer industry. These simulations show that the impact of environmental policy on strategic behaviour can be large.

关键词： 国际贸易   融资方式   经营环境   信贷  

摘要： 国际贸易是跨国界、跨地区的贸易,同时面对国际和国内两个市场,使用不同国家的货币进行结算,并实行远距离运输,是一种耗费时间较长的经济活动。因此,在履行合同的过程中,从出口商制造或采购产品,货物运输、销售,到进口商购进货物,进出口商都需要动用大笔资金,并存在着商业信贷风险、政治风险、单证风险、利率风险和外汇风险。如何在国际贸易中获得风险最小、成本最低和尽可能多的融资渠道,选择恰当的融资策略,已经成为企业经营者必须考虑的重要问题之一。

关键词： 环境标志制度   国际贸易   发展  

摘要： 论环境标志制度与国际贸易发展对外经济贸易大学中国贸易与环境研究所夏友富７０年代末以来，国际上掀起了强劲的环境标志运动。这一运动方兴未艾，正在对国际贸易的发展产生越来越大的影响。一、环境标志的产生与发展环境标志（ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＬａｂｅｌ），...

关键词： 环境保护   国际贸易  

摘要： 环境恶化使环境保护日益受到世人关注。国际社会通过签订国际协议、制定国际环境保护标准等推进环境保护活动。环境保护的大力推行,将对国际贸易产生重大影响:环保产业成为重点出口产业之一、绿色产品在国际市场占主导地位、绿色保护主义倾向不断加强、绿色营销技术广为使用、围绕环保国际市场竞争更趋激烈、世界贸易组织日益重视保护环境。

关键词： 国际贸易环境   服务贸易   对外开放   经济特区   乌拉圭回合   多边贸易体制   国际市场   外商投资   进出口贸易   加工贸易  

关键词： 海关   国际贸易环境   计算机化   发达国   进出口商   进出口申报   增值税   国际犯罪   出口管制   商业数据系统  

摘要： 国际贸易环境 国际贸易的增长快于全球范围内生产总量的趋势仍将继续。同样重要的是稳定地增长贸易速度所带来的压力。 发展中国家将增加其在国际贸易中的份额。生产和对外贸易的主要增长中心是东、南亚国家,尤其是中国;其次是一些中、南美洲国家。 东欧国家和前苏联各国将重新振兴并且成为欧洲联盟的重要贸易伙伴。

关键词： ENVIRONMENTAL policy   INTERNATIONAL competition   MARKET share   EMISSIONS trading   BUSINESS enterprises   ENVIRONMENTAL standards  

摘要： In this paper, we investigate how a country's choice of environmental policy instrument affects the international competitiveness of its firms. We show that in a Cournot-Nash equilibrium, the total market share of firms regulated through tradeable emission permits increases relative to that of the firms operating under command and control due to better allocation of total abatement among the firms in the country. Our work suggests that free trade situations should not only result in similar environmental standards but also in similar regulatory regimes. It may come as no surprise that the environmental authorities in Canada are seriously considering following the United States in instituting a tradeable emission permits mechanism.

关键词： Trade legislation   Trade agreements   Trade regulations   Free trade   International disputes   Environmental legislation   Governors  

摘要： New international trade agreements and institutions will have an important impact on state environmental practices. As states within afederal system become increasingly bound by trade agreements, their involvement in framing international trade rules and policies must increase accordingly. This article sets forth some of the new international obligations that could impinge on state soverignty, and makes recommendations that would bring more accountability and balance to state-federal procedures for addressing these matters. © 1995, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词： 世界粮食储备   粮食产量   澳大利亚   世界人口   生产者协会   粮食政策   研究协会   严峻挑战   农业发展速度   国际贸易环境  

摘要： 国际农业生产者协会主席格雷厄姆·布莱特最近在澳大利亚说,在今后30年里,使世界粮食产量翻一番以满足世界80亿人口的需要,是各国政府面临的严峻挑战。 据预测,到2025年,世界人口将比现在增加20多亿。世界必须每年增加粮食产量6.7亿吨、鱼1600万吨,以满足消费。 但是近几年来。