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关键词： 灭活疫苗   病毒结构   病毒疫苗   细胞免疫   免疫应答   活载体疫苗   生物反应器   纯化技术  

摘要： 1我国五款新冠疫苗获批,有何区别目前,我国已有五款新冠病毒疫苗获批使用,分灭活疫苗、腺病毒载体疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗三类。灭活疫苗是将培养扩增的活病毒通过物理和化学的方法杀灭以后,经过系列纯化技术制备的疫苗。其主要特点是疫苗的成分和天然的病毒结构比较相似,免疫应答也比较强,具有良好的安全性。腺病毒载体疫苗是采取5型腺病毒作为载体,导入新冠病毒抗原基因,通过生物反应器制成活载体疫苗,是在我们国家原有的5型腺病毒埃博拉疫苗平台基础上研发成功的。疫苗能很好地诱导抗体产生,增强细胞免疫。

关键词： 生物反应器   共同代谢   基因工程   水污染治理  

摘要： 自“水十条”施行以来,国家将水污染治理提升至新的高度,各种新型污水处理技术也相继涌现,在保护水资源安全方面发挥了重要作用。生物强化技术是通过培养特定的微生物菌群,达到降解污水中有害成分、净化水质的效果,在实际应用中有效率高、成本低,不易发生二次污染等特点。本文首先介绍了水污染治理中常用的生物技术,随后重点对生物强化技术的作用、菌群的选用,以及在不同废水中的具体运用展开了分析,最后总结了污水治理效果,为生物强化技术的推广使用提供了一定的帮助。

关键词： 膜生物反应器   脉冲曝气   膜污染   优化  

摘要： 基于某大型膜生物反应器(MBR)城市污水处理工程,开展了膜池脉冲曝气的应用与优化研究,旨在为该工程提供最优的曝气条件,并揭示不同曝气强度下膜池混合液特性与膜污染情况的变化规律。结果表明,当总曝气量由13000 m^(3)/h上升至17000 m^(3)/h时,膜比通量先上升后下降。曝气量的增大导致污泥混合液粒径减小,疏松的污泥胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)浓度下降,上清液有机物浓度上升,致使膜污染潜势上升。综合比较,该MBR工程膜池的最适曝气条件为中等曝气量(15000 m^(3)/h),在此工况条件下,膜池内组件的平均比通量达到0.95 L/(m^(2)·h·kPa)。

关键词： Woodchips bioreactors   Denitrification kinetics   Nitrate removal   Composting  

摘要： Woodchip bioreactors have emerged as a viable water management tool to reduce nitrate contamination from agricultural subsurface drainage, wastewater, and stormwater. Understanding of denitrification kinetics is critical to the design and application of field woodchip bioreactors. The denitrification process in woodchip bioreactors generally obeys a model of Michaelis-Menten type enzyme kinetics. The objective of this study was to determine Michaelis-Menten model parameters for nitrate removal in laboratory bioreactors using the fresh, composted and aged woodchips. The results showed that the maximum nitrate removal rates (V-max) were 2.09, 0.88 and 0.30 mg N/L/h, and the half saturation constants (K-m) were 2.60, 2.16 and 2.01 mg N/L for the composted, fresh and aged woodchip bioreactors at 22 degrees C. The V-max values decreased to 0.26 and 0.05 mg N/L/h, and the K. values decreased to 1.74 and 1.19 mg N/L when the composted and fresh woodchip bioreactors were operated at 5 degrees C. Denitrification in woodchip bioreactors can be operationally defined as a zero-order reaction when treating contaminated water with nitrate much higher than the K-m values. The nitrate removal efficiency of the bioreactors followed the order of composted woodchips > fresh woodchips > aged woodchips. The average nitrate load reduction rates were 8.81-21.0, 7.36-9.78, and 2.46-3.54 g N/m(3)/d for the composted, fresh, and aged woodchip bioreactors at influent nitrate concentrations of 10-50 mg N/L and 22 degrees C. Woodchip composting before bioreactor installation can be used as a practical strategy to enhance denitrification performance of bioreactors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Textile effluent   Bioreactor   Wood charcoal   Hydraulic retention time   Biodegradation   Bacterial community dynamics  

摘要： Textile wastewater contains numerous xenobiotic compounds which have several detrimental effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, the adequate treatment of textile wastewater is essential. This study elucidated the biodegradation of raw textile effluent (RTE) in an upflow fixed-film microaerophilic bioreactor (UFMB) along with the characterization of its bacterial community dynamics at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and organic loading rates (OLRs). Among the various packing materials tested in the UFMB operation, wood charcoal was found to be the most suitable packing material for the establishment of biofilm and biodegradation of RTE. The steady-state performance of UFMB having wood charcoal as packing material achieved 81.97% of American dye manufacturers institute (ADMI) colour index removal, 73.08% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal and 80.47% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal at 2d HRT. Whereas, upon integration of the UFMB with the sequential aerobic bioreactor (UFMB-AB system), achieved better performances with 98.6% COD, 98% ADMI and 92% BOD removal from the RTE. Additionally, the combined UFMB-AB system effectively removed other contaminants such as sulphate, phenolics and nitrogenous compounds in the RTE. The biofilm was synergistically established by the bacterial community DR4 and the native community of RTE. In response to different HRTs and OLRs, the UFMB bacterial biofilm community experienced various shifts in its composition. However, a core microbiome persisted throughout the bioreactor operation. The imputed metagenome analysis of the established UFMB biofilm using phylogenetic investigation of communities by unobserved state reconstruction (PICRUSt), revealed the presence of several xenobiotic degradation and metabolism pathways with an abundance of various different oxidoreductase genes responsible for the biodegradation of dyes and other organic pollutants present in the RTE. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. Al

关键词： 复合微生物菌剂   填埋场   稳定化   渗滤液   城市垃圾  

摘要： 为强化填埋场稳定化进程,该研究提出利用生物强化技术促进准好氧型填埋场的生物降解,通过模拟实验研究了复合微生物菌剂对填埋场垃圾稳定化进程的影响。结果表明,在整个实验阶段,复合微生物菌剂有利于渗滤液污染物的降解,渗滤液产量峰值较对照组提前14 d;实验结束时,实验组渗滤液产量仅为对照组的64.3%,COD浓度仅为对照组的53.3%,氨氮浓度仅为对照组的59.0%;实验组和对照组纤维素含量峰值分别为16.08%、17.60%,木质素峰值分别为25.30%、29.49%。实验组生物降解度比对照组低1.80 mmol/g,说明投加优势复合微生物菌剂能促进垃圾填埋场的稳定化。

关键词： 高效生物反应器   难降解有机废水   深度处理   严格排放  

摘要： 深入分析了中石化天津分公司综合废水深度处理工程高效生物反应器(ABR)技术的工作原理、工艺流程和运行参数、以及两年来长期运行数据,结果表明,ABR技术是一种高效、低运行成本(<0.3元/m^(3))的难降解有机废水深度处理技术,特别适合低负荷COD(小于200 mg/L)、难生物降解(B/C<0.2)和高严格排放要求的深度处理,并提出适合复杂废水深度处理的以ABR为核心的ABR-反硝化滤池、ABR-高级氧化等组合工艺解决方案。

关键词： 农村   生活污水   生物反应器  

摘要： 文章主要针对农村生活污水治理方向进行阐述。农村生活污水治理建设内容包括污水收集管网和污水处理设施。污水处理设施工艺与技术路线要受到农村当地社会、经济发展和当地自然环境与生态条件的制约。所以,选择合适的污水处理设施工艺尤为重要。

关键词： Second-generation bioethanol   Multi-objective dynamic optimization   Quantification of model uncertainty   Process performance vs. economic indices   Bioethanol production cost  

摘要： The enduring adoption of greener technologies from the biofuel manufacturing industries requires the balanced integration of multiple inter-disciplinary concerns (i.e., engineering, business, sustainability, societal) to make production processes more attractive to the industrial sector. From an engineering perspective, the commercial establishment of lignocellulosic bioethanol plants is still hindered by increased production cost. High product concentrations with improved yield and productivity at the fermentation stage seem to be inviolable condition to straightly compete with fossil-based and first generation bioethanol facilities. This study proposes a model-based multi-objective dynamic optimization approach to systematically derive optimal operating policies for the fermentation bioreactor as a step forward towards enhancing the economic performance of lignocellulosic bioethanol plants. The economic benefit of the derived optimal bioreactor strategies is evaluated via a scalable economic index, linking for the first time the performance of the fermentation bioreactor to the economics of the entire production process. It is demonstrated that high values in productivity and substantial compromises in yield and final bioethanol concentration are conditions which favor economic feasibility with the achieved fermentation performance (3.32 g L-1 h(-1), 0.399 g g(-1), 106.0 g L-1) being comparable to first generation bioethanol production. Finally, a global system analysis framework is employed to investigate the robustness of the optimal value of the economic index to the variability of key model parameters, illustrating the impact of model uncertainty on the process economic performance. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： ST细胞   悬浮驯化   猪传染性胃肠炎病毒   生物反应器   培养条件  

摘要： 为了将贴壁的ST细胞驯化为无血清悬浮生长的细胞用于猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(Transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)生物反应器规模化生产,试验采用逐步降低贴壁细胞培养基中血清含量的方法获得适应低血清生长的贴壁细胞,再将低血清生长的贴壁细胞驯化成无血清悬浮生长的ST细胞,并将其命名为ST-TY。在摇瓶试验中,按照MOI为0.01,0.05,0.1同步接入猪传染性胃肠炎病毒,分别在12,24,48小时时取样检测病毒效价。按照悬浮细胞的初始接种密度为0.6×10^(6)个/mL放大到15 L生物反应器,培养条件为pH值7.0~7.2、温度37℃、转速80~100 r/min、溶氧量40%~60%,培养24 h后收毒并检测病毒效价。结果表明:经无血清悬浮驯化后的ST-TY细胞增殖稳定,存活率在90%以上。ST-TY细胞接种猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的最佳条件为MOI=0.01,病毒最佳收获时间为24 h。在15 L生物反应器中,ST-TY细胞生长密度达到4.0×10^(6)个/mL,制备的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒效价为1×10^(7.80)TCID_(50)/mL,达到了标准要求。说明经无血清悬浮驯化的ST-TY细胞株增殖稳定,对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒敏感,可用于猪传染性胃肠炎病毒疫苗的生产。