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关键词： 给排水设计   人民防空医疗救护工程   密闭区  

摘要： 医疗救护工程是城市人防工程体系中极为重要的组成部分,保障居民和工作人员的生命健康安全.当今国际形势复杂多变,战争的可能性增加,医疗救护工程作用将愈加重要.本文对不同等级的医疗救护工程给排水设计分析,阐述设计要点,探讨设计中的实际问题.

关键词： Baccalaureate   Course reform   Education   Innovation capability   Mixed-methods research   Nursing  

摘要： Objective To develop an evidence-based nursing thinking-oriented innovation training course and evaluate its effectiveness to enhance the innovation abilities of undergraduate nursing *** A literature review and expert panel method（involving 10 experts） were used to design the Scientific Literacy and Innovation Thinking Enlightenment course. This core course consisted of nine sessions，totaling 18 class hours，and was taught to 963 students from the 2021，2022，and 2023 cohorts. The course outcomes and student experiences were explored through course grades，student performance evaluations，innovation ability questionnaires，and semi-structured *** The total score（86.14±5.68）and the evaluation score（98.98） of the 2023 cohort were higher than those of the 2021 cohort（84.51±5.46;97.54）. The participation rate in course evaluations increased annually（from 92% in 2021 to 97% in 2023）. Qualitative analysis identified three themes：enhancement of students’ cognitive abilities，improvement of comprehensive practical skills，and strengthening of professional *** The evidence-based nursing-driven，four-module progressive innovation course effectively enhances the innovation abilities of nursing students and boosts their professional identity. It is recommended that the innovative course be introduced earlier in lower academic years and that a comprehensive support system be established. Copyright 2025 by the Chinese Nursing Association.

关键词： 山区旅游   公路桥梁   设计方案  

摘要： 随着我国经济的发展,旅游行业越来越被人们所重视,为了方便人们出行,交通建设的需求在旅游景区中也越来越强烈.但在山区旅游公路中,由于地形复杂,地质条件差,为保证旅游公路的安全和质量,避免因桥梁设计导致的工程问题而影响景区景观,文章以某旅游公路为例,对山区旅游公路桥梁设计方案进行了比选分析.