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关键词： 股东知情权   查阅权   质询权   完善  

摘要： 现代公司法奉行"所有权与经营权分离"的公司治理原则,大多数股东不直接参与公司的经营管理,导致部分股东尤其是中小股东获取公司信息处于弱势地位。为保护中小股东的利益,世界上很多国家公司法都赋予股东知情权,虽然我国公司法规定股东享有知情权,但是股东在知情权的行使主体、程序方面仍存在一些不足,股东知情权纠纷时有发生。因此,如何协调各股东之间的利益,建立完善可行的知情权制度显得尤为重要。

关键词： Household food waste   Biowaste   Source separation   Composting   MBT  

摘要： This work aims to assess the operation of the first large scale segregated biowaste composting scheme in Greece to divert Household Food Waste (HFW) from landfill and produce a material which can be recovered and used as compost. The source separation and collection of HFW was deployed in selected areas in Attica Region serving about 3700 households. Sorted HFW is collected & transported to the Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) plant in Attica Region that has been designed to produce Compost Like Output (CLO) from mixed MSW. The MBT facility has been adjusted in order to receive and treat aerobically HFW mixed with shredded green waste in a dedicated composting tunnel. The composting process was monitored against temperature, moisture and oxygen content indicating that the biological conditions are sufficiently developed. The product quality was examined and assessed against the quality specifications of EU End of Waste Criteria for biowaste subjected to composting aiming to specify whether the HFW that has undergone recovery ceases to be waste and can be classified as compost. More specifically, the heavy metals concentrations (Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg) are within the set limits and much lower compared to the CLO material that currently is being produced at the MBT plant. In regard to the hygienic requirements of the product it has been found that the process conditions result in a pathogen free material (i.e. E. Coli and Salmonella) which does not favor the growth of viable weeds and plant propagules, while it acquires sufficient organic matter content for soil fertilization. Noticeable physical impurities (mainly fractions of glass) have been detected exceeding the quality control threshold limit of 0.5% w/w (plastics, metals and glass). The latter is related to the missorted materials and to the limited pre-treatment configurations prior to composting. The above findings indicate that effective source separation of biowaste is prerequisite for good

关键词： 民族区域自治法   协商民主条款   成就与困境   比较完善  

摘要： 协商民主对民族区域自治法具有重要价值，不仅在实践中佐证丰富，且十八届三中全会的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》以及2015年的《关于加强社会主义协商民主建设的意见》也提供了充分依据。对《民族区域自治法》《国务院实施（中华人民共和国民族区域自治法）若干规定》及自治州自治条例的规范分析显示，相关法律规范初步实现了地位、范畴、程序、实施等重要协商问题的制度化，且法律规范间的良性互动及政策手段与法律手段间的动态配合亦初具雏形。面对以自治县改市（区）、“大小自治”关系为代表的客观实践提出的全新挑战，在借鉴挪威萨米议会协商制度的基础上，应针对主体、地位、范畴、程序、监督、法律责任和配套规范等不同类型的条款进行分别剖析再提出完善方案。

关键词： 香港特区   单一制   民族自决权   次主权   固有权力  

摘要： 香港特区享有的高度自治权,比中国的民族自治地方的自治权要大,比联邦制国家的成员国的某些权力也要大,但这种高度自治权的性质是单一制国家结构下的地方自治权。香港特区和其它省、直辖市的法律地位一样,都是中国的地方行政区域。香港社会少数人鼓吹香港拥有所谓的"民族自决权""次主权""固有权力""剩余权力"等,是有意或无意地不承认中华人民共和国的国家结构实行的是单一制,是有意或无意地把香港特区视为联邦制成员单位、独立或半独立政治实体。

关键词： 地方立法权   设区的市   地方性法规   地方政府规章  

摘要： 《立法法》将地方立法权主体扩大到所有设区的市,但设置了"限制条款"。判断地方立法与上位法是否"相抵触原则",其标准是(1)在权利与义务关系中,下位法限缩、取消上位法已经确认的权利或者扩大、增加上位法没有设置的义务;(2)在职权和职责关系中,下位法扩大、增加上位法没有授予的职权或者限缩、取消上位法已经设置的职责。对"限制条款"中的事项应当作扩大性解释,以适应地方经济与社会发展的需要,且"等"也应作"等外等"解释。对地方立法权设置限制的目的具有正当性,但在所采取的手段上,与目的之间存在着关联性的欠缺,若不作一些补救性的对策,如立法解释、强化人大立法主导性,甚至推进"合宪性审查工作"等,国家法制统一的立法目的恐怕难以实现。

关键词： 设区市   地方立法工作   人大常委会   人大立法   良法善治   立法权  

摘要： 在大家的热切关注中,省人大牵头主办的法规实施新闻发布会又如约而至。与以往历次新闻发布会所不同的是,这次新闻发布会带给了人们许多新意,我把它概括为'三个第一次':第一,这是党的十九大召开后我省举行的第一次地方立法宣传活动。活动以十九大精神为指引,以全面推进依法治国、加快建设法治江西为主旨,及时。

关键词： 立法权   设区的市   地方立法  

摘要： 《立法法》的修订赋予了更多城市以独立立法权,这必将推动地方改革发展,推进治理体系和治理能力现代化,促进我国法制体系的完善。对此前已有多年经验的立法主体的实践情况进行实证分析研究,从立法规划、人员配备及立法内容等方面获取启示,以期有助于设区的市新获立法权后开展独立的地方立法工作,建立专属的立法机制,推动城市的发展。

摘要： The following research paper investigates the changing character of federalism in Canada, as expressed through intergovernmental relations. Specifically, the impact that individual prime ministers and their governments may have on these relationships is explored. In particular, Stephen Harper and Justin Trudeau's management styles are compared in order to determine what lasting or significant effect, if any, these individuals have had on how Canada's federal and provincial governments interact with each other. Secondary literature describing and summarizing Harper's style of open federalism, in conjunction with primary research on Justin Trudeau's reversion to a more collaborative style, concludes that though each prime minister was able to have some tangible effects on federal-provincial relations during their time in office, these effects were, or will be, easily overridden by their successors. The following research asks whether Harper and Trudeau's actual styles of intergovernmental relations were consistent with their rhetoric on the same subject. Though Harper spoke often about his preferred style of open federalism, it appears to many scholars that not all of his actions reflected the core tenets of this model. Likewise, though Trudeau advertised a collaborative, more multi-level approach to governance during the 2015 election campaign and during his time in office, I conclude that much of his efforts to follow up on these principles are symbolic at best. In both cases, it appears that the federal government consistently pursues its own goals, regardless of the rhetoric used to describe provincial involvement, rights, and in Trudeau's case, genuine collaboration with both the provinces and additional third-party groups.

关键词： data compression   function computation   partial information   characteristic graphs  

摘要： We consider a two party network where each party wishes to compute a function of two correlated sources. Each source is observed by one of the parties. The true joint distribution of the sources is known to one party. The other party, on the other hand, assumes a distribution for which the set of source pairs that have a positive probability is only a subset of those that may appear in the true distribution. In that sense, this party has only partial information about the true distribution from which the sources are generated. We study the impact of this asymmetry on the worst-case message length for zero-error function computation, by identifying the conditions under which reconciling the missing information prior to communication is better than not reconciling it but instead using an interactive protocol that ensures zero-error communication without reconciliation. Accordingly, we provide upper and lower bounds on the minimum worst-case message length for the communication strategies with and without reconciliation. Through specializing the proposed model to certain distribution classes, we show that partially reconciling the true distribution by allowing a certain degree of ambiguity can perform better than the strategies with perfect reconciliation as well as strategies that do not start with an explicit reconciliation step. As such, our results demonstrate a tradeoff between the reconciliation and communication rates, and that the worst-case message length is a result of the interplay between the two factors.