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关键词： 发展趋势   政党   基因  

摘要： 当前,世界上有200多个国家和地区,绝大部分都依靠政党来完成治理的任务。政党基因规定着政党的基本性质和发展趋势,研究政党基因对政党发展具有重要意义。

关键词： 一国两制   高度自治   地方自治   政改方案  

摘要： 香港特别行政区依据基本法规定实行高度自治,是保障香港原有资本主义制度稳定发展的独特设计。面对香港当前政制改革裹足不前的局面,有必要对基本法规定的"高度自治"与其他国家的自治类型进行比较研究。相较于一般自治类型,"高度自治"模式下中央管治地方的范围狭小,中央管治地方的方式和途径也比较单一,进而导致香港的"高度自治"制度有被滥用的危险。为应对这些挑战,香港未来政制的发展应在坚持基本法的基础上,探索中央对行政长官参选人的声明制度,构建管治联盟等基本法实施的具体制度。

关键词： 工作方法   根本组织制度   政治生活   七届二中全会   组织生活制度   党的组织   党内民主   三会一课   党内选举   民主生活会  

摘要： 1949年3月,新中国成立前夕,在太行山东麓一个叫西柏坡的普通小山村,党的七届二中全会胜利召开。毛泽东同志在会议总结中详细阐述了党委会的工作方法,强调坚持民主集中制是实现党委会领导的重要工作方法。时至今日,民主集中制的科学性和重要性早已经受住了历史的检验。民主集中制是党的根本组织制度和领导制度,是党内政治生活正常开展的重要制度保障。

关键词： 民族区域自治   国家治理   民族自治   区域自治  

摘要： 民族区域自治是国家层面的基本政治制度,既是国家治理的战略部署,又是依法治国的重要配套,还是民族区域性自治治理的具体手段,在治国、治理方面为国家治理现代化提供哲学动力"燃料",自觉蕴涵诸多哲学内涵:对立统一规律奠立哲学内涵基础的主旋律,矛盾变化规律确立内涵发展的主路径,国家治理成为哲学治理内涵的具体范例,并且在民族区域自治过程中显现国家与民族的哲学共同体内涵。

关键词： 设区市立法权   南平市   实践  

摘要： 2017年7月21日,《南平市朱子文化遗存保护条例》(以下简称《条例》)经福建省第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议审查批准,于2017年9月1日起正式实施。《条例》是南平市取得设区市立法权之后制定的首部实体法,《条例》的颁布实施不仅从立法层面对南平市朱子文化遗存的保护工作提供了保障,更重要的是,其为南平市立法工作积累了经验,对促进南平市经济社会健康发展和依法治市具有重要意义。

关键词： 民族   中国   权利主体   中华人民共和国   习近平总书记   民族区域自治  

摘要： 党的十八大以来,习近平总书记多次发表重要讲话,就民族工作作出重要指示,涵盖民族问题和民族工作的方方面面,深刻回答了新形势下我国民族工作中的重大理论和实践问题,形成了以'中华民族一家亲,同心共筑中国梦'为核心理念的民族工作思想理论体系,成为以习近平同志为核心的党中央治国理政新理念新思想新战略的重要组成部分,开辟了马克思主义民族理论中国化的新境界。

摘要： This thesis uses a counterfactual simulation to estimate the impact that applying the double majority rule would have had on legislative productivity in the Province of Canada, 1840- 1867. The double majority rule was supermajoritarian in nature, and if applied would have required two sectional majorities from the administrative regions within the province to pass legislation. The thesis compares a constructed dataset where votes could only pass with a double majority to the observed data, arguing that applying the double majority rule would have reduced legislative productivity. There is weak statistical evidence found supporting gridlock interval size as the causal explanation for the decreased productivity, but this is argued to be due to abnormal status quo points and the potential for voting patterns to collapse from two ideological dimensions to one. Finally, the introduction of responsible government is found to not influence whether votes were passed with a double majority. This is explained through the partisan capacity hypothesis, which argues that supermajoritarian rules are ignored when they would prevent a government from implementing its legislative agenda. These conclusions argue that the historical literature was correct that applying the double majority rule would have reduced productivity, but wrong about the impact of responsible government on passing votes with double majorities.

关键词： Serratia marcescens   Infant formulae   Cross-contamination   Pathogens   Baby milk  

摘要： The application of good hygiene practices for the reconstitution of infant formulae, preparation and consumption of feeding bottles, according to manufacturer's instructions, is essential to ensure the microbiological safety and quality of feeding bottles. This study investigated the growth of Serratia marcescens, a bacterium widely present in home environments with the ability to cause pink coloration resulting from growth in intentionally contaminated reconstituted infant formulae, stored at 32 C (as a simulation of inappropriate storage in tropical regions). In addition, poor hygiene practices such as lack of bottle wash after use, inadequate bottle washing and heat sanitisation, or use of contaminated kitchen cloths to wipe dry sterilised baby bottles were investigated as leading causes of microbial contamination and transfer during preparation of feeding bottles. Infant formulae powders represent a negligible risk of S. marcescens contamination, because finished product specifications require absence of Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and all lots are tested for absence of EB before release. The results of the simulation of inadequate hygiene practices during preparation of feeding bottles showed that bottles or reconstituted milk can be readily contaminated with S. marcescens by using a dirty cloth. The resulting contamination level in prepared milk was as high as 4 log CFU/mL. A similar contamination level was associated with inappropriate bottle washing and sanitation. Poor hygiene practices leading to such contamination levels are undesirable even if the feeding bottles are consumed immediately. S. marcescens was able to initiate grow in artificially inoculated infant formulae (3.2 log CFU/ml) within 4 h (lag-phase) and reach levels of 6 and 8 log CFU/ml after 8 h and 12 h at 32 C respectively. A maximum growth rate of 0.42 11-1 was determined. The first sign of a distinctly pink discoloration was noticed at 32 C within 24 h when cell concentration was above 9 log