关键词:
Adam optimization
Artificial intelligence
Fundus oculi
Hypercomplex number
Quaternion-valued neural network
Retina vessels
U-Net
Vessel segmentation
摘要:
Objective To develop a U-Net-based quadruple numerical neural network (QU-Net) model for retinal vessel segmentation and to verify its precision and efficiency in extracting and segmenting retinal vessels from fundus images. Methods This study used the concept of hypercomplex numbers, the three channels of color images, and a quaternion matrix representing all the information data of the images, which was then used as input for quaternion convolution and quaternion fully connected layers based on the U-Net architecture to form a QU-Net *** QU-Net model was first tested on the DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE_DB1 datasets and compared with the traditional real-valued U-Net, M-Net, and SU-Net models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1 score, and Matthews correlation ***, the model was further optimized and the optimized QU-Net model was compared side-by-side with the well-known advanced models to comprehensively evaluate and analyze the efficiency and accuracy of the model in extracting and segmenting retinal blood vessels from fundus images. Results The results showed that the QU-Net model achieved the following vessel segmentation results: accuracy 0.956 6, sensitivity 0.700 8, specificity 0.987 9, precision 0.595 4 on the DRIVE dataset, accuracy 0.975 5, sensitivity 0.890 7, specificity 0.984 2, precision 0.662 5 on the STARE dataset, and accuracy 0.979 4, sensitivity 0.747 0, specificity 0.990 6, precision 0.596 9 on the CHASE_DB1 *** specificity was better than U-Net, M-Net and SU-Net models, and its accuracy, sensitivity and precision were not inferior to the three *** optimization, the sensitivity, precision and F1 value of the QU-Net model were effectively improved on the three datasets while maintaining its original accuracy and *** compared with the performance indicators of other models on the three datasets, it was found that the optimized QU-Net model had good performance in accuracy, sp