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关键词： 通货膨胀率   货币   国际收支危机   外汇倾销   固定汇率制度   浮动汇率制   国家垄断资本主义   贸易条件   国内物价   外汇行市  

摘要： <正> 当前资本主义国家几乎普遍地为不同程度的通货膨胀所困扰。有些第三世界国家的通货膨胀率已发展到三位数字,有些第二世界国家则已达两位数字,即使象西德、瑞士等所谓硬币国家,其通货膨胀率也令人不安。帝国主义国家的通货膨胀是在国家垄断资本主义条件下,纸币发行过多和信贷过度扩大所引起的,是统治阶级为了缓和资本主义

关键词： 商品   限制进口   玩具安全   资本主义   思想体系   非关税壁垒   非关税避垒   贸易壁垒   卫生检疫  

摘要： 在六十年代后期“肯尼迪回合”关税减让谈判以后,西方资本主义国家进一步高筑非关税壁垒,以抵消由于关税减让所带来的不利影响,除了进口配额、进口许可证等一般性的非关税措施外,还增加了一系列新的非关税壁垒,安全与卫生检疫标准等条例便是其中之一。这类条例的规定极为繁苛,起到了严格限制进口的作用,即使在进口检查时被“漏过”(SIipped by),但在国内市场出售,一旦被发现不符合这些规定时,仍要受到禁止销售,甚至没收、罚款等处分。

关键词： Economics  

摘要： This thesis examines the decision of Sweden to join the EEC joint currency float in 1973 even though it was and is not a member of the Common Market. The thesis seeks to apply the theory of optimum currency areas to determine the benefits and costs of this decision and its impact on the Swedish economy. A theoretical and empirical analysis of the behavior of Sweden's terms of trade shows that the decision to tie to a larger currency bloc could and did reduce fluctuations in the terms of trade induced by exogenous price and exchange rate movements abroad. The decision to join the joint float also reduces pressure on the exchange rate by reducing short-term capital flows through leads and lags in the balance of payments. The decision to join the joint float means, however, that the Swedish price level cannot vary systematically from the bloc price level. An examination of the Keynesian mechanism for the transmission of inflation under fixed exchange rates reveals that the transmission is fairly rapid and short-run discrepancies between the price levels do not exist very long before inducing either changes in the price levels or changes in the exchange rate. The constraint on the price level in Sweden also implies a constraint on the Swedish government's ability to manipulate the unemployment rate, even in the short run. An examination of the inflation-unemployment tradeoff in Sweden reveals that the long-run Phillips Curve is vertical and the short-run curve is fairly flat. The analysis also reveals that expectations adapt fairly rapidly to changes in the actual rate of inflation. The decision to join the joint float implies a constraint on the level or domestic prices and wages at the long-run rate of unemployment.

关键词： 发展中国家   初级产品贸易   西方发达国家   国民收入   贸易条件   国民经济   国际贸易   产品价格   初级产品出口   第三世界国家  

摘要： <正> 当前,第三世界国家争取建立新国际经济秩序的斗争所涉及的一个重要问题,就是初级产品的贸易问题。初级产品又叫“基本产品”或“原始产品”,是指未经加工或加工很少的农、林、牧、渔和矿产品。初级产品的生产和出口是第三世界国家国民收入、外汇收入的重要来源,有些国家甚至依赖单一产品支持国民经济,这种状况是帝国主义长期殖民统治的恶果。因而当前第三世界国家在初级产品贸易方面遭遇的困难,是在代表帝国主义特别是代表美苏两霸

关键词： 美元   石油价格   本位币   亚洲   石油生产国   卡特尔   垄断组织   阿拉伯国家   工业化国家   第三世界   三个世界理论   石油进口   外汇储备   国际储备   石油出口   不发达国家   贸易条件   国际收支逆差   国际收支赤字   工业国   国际货币基金组织   联合国专门机构  

摘要： 阿拉伯国家有些东西使其它第三世界国家垂涎欲滴。由于在最近中东冲突之后新建立了阿拉伯国家的团结,以及决定使用石油出口作为外交武器,石油生产国将在1974年从石油的出售中大量增加收入,估计最高可达八百五十亿美元;与此相比,1973年为二

摘要： It is generally accepted that the less developed nations have suffered a long run deterioration of their terms of trade, which represents an indirect transfer of income to the developed nations.1 If true, the gains from international trade are being unequally distributed and the less developed nations have a legitimate complaint. They are very concerned about their terms of trade on the international scene because their trade gains provide for skills required for modernization. Raul Prebisch2 cited the Latin American nations as a classic example in the deterioration of the terms of trade. Most of these nations export heavily in "primary commodities" and spend a large percent of their monies on imports. If these nations maintain a quasi-monopoly position in the marketing of the above items, then the writeer questions whether or not an unfavorable trade relationship does exist.