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关键词： 白化病   DNA   隐性性状   显性性状   解题技巧   染色体   遗传学   遗传信息   基因组成   相对性状  

摘要： 遗传学综合试题是初中生物的一大难点,在中考命题中出现的频率很高。这类题型信息丰富,难度较大,充分考查同学们的分析推理能力、知识迁移能力和逻辑转换能力,往往令同学们心生畏惧、望而却步。为此,笔者将此类问题归纳总结,希望对同学们有所帮助。

关键词： 子宫内膜异位症   遗传学机制   研究进展  

摘要： 子宫内膜异位症属于妇科中的疑难杂症,临床中会导致患者出现痛经、盆腔疼痛、月经异常、不孕症等多种症状。临床中有许多研究发现子宫内膜异位症的发病有明显的遗传特征,在激素、受体、炎症免疫、侵袭粘附、血管生成等多方面共同作用之下患者的盆腔内会形成异常微循环,从而导致发病。目前关于子宫内膜异位症的发病机制研究并不明确。对此,本文对近些年关于子宫内膜异位症的研究为例,简要分析子宫内膜异位症的遗传学机制研究进展,希望可以为相关工作者提供理论性帮助。

关键词： 遗传学   委员会   出生缺陷   产前诊断   染色体异常   快速诊断技术   分子生物技术   染色体变异   中国   诊断手段   遗传咨询   缺陷防治   检测技术   异常儿   卫生部   发生率   孕妇   选择   统计   胎儿  

摘要： 据原卫生部《中国出生缺陷防治报告( 2012 ) 》统计, 中国出生缺陷发生率约为5. 6 % ,染色体异常是导致出生缺陷的重要原因.近年来,随着分子生物技术不断发展,各种检测技术如雨后春笋,极大地推动了产前诊断技术的进展,特别是快速诊断技术得到迅猛发展,使得大部分染色体异常儿均能得到产前诊断有效阻断.本文利用 SNP array 等分子诊断手段对一例孕 1 2 周 NT 增厚孕妇进行了快速产前诊断,明确了 NT 增厚胎儿染色体变异并进行遗传咨询,为其妊娠选择提供了依据.

关键词： Agronomy  

摘要： Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is one of the most widely distributed and troublesome weeds in the world. Chemical control of yellow nutsedge is often inconsistent. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to optimize strategies for increased yellow nutsedge control with halosulfuron and sulfentrazone. Both herbicides reduced yellow nutsedge ground cover from 70–99%, root and rhizome dry mass from 39–98%, tuber formation and average tuber fresh weight from 38–100%, and can prevent re-emergence. Herbicide applications should be made as early as possible postemergence, preferably at the three- to five-leaf stage. Halosulfuron was more effective in suppressing yellow nutsedge within a mixed turfgrass stand, whereas sulfentrazone was more effective when turfgrass was absent. Sequential applications of either herbicide within a three-week interval is recommended for optimal control. An ecology study was conducted to evaluate interference between Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and yellow nutsedge in a home lawn setting. Yellow nutsedge was germinated from a single parent tuber, either within Kentucky bluegrass, or in bare soil. Plots were not irrigated, irrigated with 80% ET replacement, or irrigated 167 L plot–1 wk–1, and fertilized with 0, 97, or 195 kg N ha–1 year–1. Yellow nutsedge shoot and tuber production were slowest in non-irrigated and non-fertilized plots. Managers should consider using deficit-based irrigation in yellow nutsedge infested turfgrass instead of 80% ET replacement or irrigating without considering precipitation. Fertility recommendations should be based on expectations of turfgrass quality, avoiding excessive fertilizer applications in yellow nutsedge infested turfgrass. The presence of actively growing Kentucky bluegrass impedes tuber and shoot production of yellow nutsedge from 65 to 99%, proving that maintenance of an actively growing Kentucky bluegrass stand is a powerful cultural practice to reduce the invasiveness of yellow

摘要： The mitochondrion, a small but ubiquitously distributed organelle in the cell, continues to be the focus of many disease pathogeneses, tissue and organ dysfunctions, and other morbidities that occur throughout the body. The purpose of this work was to understand how cardiac mitochondrion are altered in disease and pathological states, specifically in their adaptation to environmentally stimulated regulatory networks, such as epigenetic modifications and promotion/inhibition of non-coding RNAs. Acute stress to mitochondrial regulation (inhalation toxicology) as well as chronic (type 2 diabetes mellitus) was examined. Using a FVB transgenic microRNA-378a mouse knockout model, the cardiovascular impact derived from altering the innate microRNA-378a response following acute nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure was evaluated. In atrial tissue from 50 patients (30 non-diabetic and 20 type 2 diabetic) physiological, biochemical, genomic, and epigenomic factors were assessed using machine learning algorithms in an attempt to better predict the pathogenesis of the disease in the heart. Next-generation sequencing was performed on human patient and FVB mouse mitochondrial and cytoplasmic non-coding RNA populations, along with polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP). Ultimately, the work summarized in the preceding experiments highlights how multiple pathological insults, whether chronic or acute, can influence the underlying molecular, regulatory networks in the heart. While overt cardiovascular and mitochondrial dysfunction follow insult, an emphasis on epigenetic control and non-coding RNA regulation may prove to be primary axes for therapeutic intervention. As we continue to pursue more informed and predictive assessments of cardiovascular dysfunction, the mitochondrion remains at the heart of the issue.

关键词： 翻转课堂   遗传学   任务驱动   自主学习  

摘要： 传统"课中老师讲,课后学生学"的教学模式,压抑了大学生课外利用现代网络技术自主和合作学习的热情。文章提出基于任务驱动的翻转课堂教学:根据教学设定主题,课前学生分组自选任务,分工合作查阅资料和汇总成果,师生通过QQ群平台讨论和学习;课中由小组代表展示和讲解学习成果,教师组织、引导学生展开讨论和深入解析。教学实践3学期结果表明:基于任务驱动的翻转课堂,激励了学生分工合作和自主学习的动力,加深了学生对遗传学相关知识内涵和外延的理解,锻炼了师范生讲课基本技能,提升了学生未来从事教师职业的认同感,有利于学生知识的掌握和考试成绩的提高。文章结果,将为大学教师进一步深入研究和实施翻转课堂提供参考和借鉴。

关键词： 细胞学   医学遗传学   教学内容   改革   探讨  

摘要： 在现时代的大环境下,医学学生提升综合素养的根本基础是对基础理论知识的学习,细胞学及医学遗传学是一个医学生进行学习的基本学科,掌握其基本的理论知识以及相关的实验技能是非常重要的,这也是对一个医学专业学生的基本要求。基于这种情况,本文就如何利用此学科内容来更好地激发学生的兴趣,对此学科的内容进行针对性地教学改革进行了探讨。

关键词： Nutrition   Bioinformatics   Epidemiology  

摘要： Personalized dietary approaches to cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention will require sensitive biomarkers of multiple types. First, direct CVD risk biomarkers will enable the prioritization of dietary interventions for specific individuals. Second, biomarkers of diet response will allow more effective dietary recommendations for maintaining optimal cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) levels. Both genomic variants and epigenomic factors such as DNA methylation have the potential to enable improvements in both of these biomarker types. Aim 1 of this work involved an investigation of mechanistic links between DNA methylation and incident CVD events. Differentially-methylated regions (DMRs) and the WGCNA module-based clustering approach were used to derive robust and interpretable epigenomic features before testing associations with CVD in the Women’s Health Initiative and Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. Multiple novel signals were uncovered, including differential methylation near immune function-related genes (SLC1A5, SLC9A1, and TNRC6C) and of development- and immune-related epigenomic modules. Module methylation was also linked to cumulative CRF exposure, providing proof-of-concept for the use of DNA methylation as a molecular recorder of cumulative risk factors over the life course. Aim 2 expanded on these findings in seeking to directly optimize a predictor of CVD risk. Using time-to-CVD-event elastic net regression models, a methylation-based CVD risk score (MRS) was able to add predictive power after adjustment for traditional risk factors. A recently-introduced ensemble method for training predictive models in omic datasets showed comparable performance to a standard analysis pipeline. A preliminary analysis of interactions between the MRS and other CVD risk metrics (based on traditional risk factors or genomics) found that the MRS appears to perform better in lower-risk regions of these alternative metrics, suggesting its value in identifying individu